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SIVagm Infection in Wild African Green Monkeys from South Africa: Epidemiology,Natural History,and Evolutionary Considerations
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نویسنده
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ma d. ,jasinska a. ,kristoff j. ,grobler j.p. ,turner t. ,jung y. ,schmitt c. ,raehtz k. ,feyertag f. ,martinez sosa n. ,wijewardana v. ,burke d.s. ,robertson d.l. ,tracy r. ,pandrea i. ,freimer n. ,apetrei c.
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منبع
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plos pathogens - 2013 - دوره : 9 - شماره : 1
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چکیده
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Pathogenesis studies of siv infection have not been performed to date in wild monkeys due to difficulty in collecting and storing samples on site and the lack of analytical reagents covering the extensive siv diversity. we performed a large scale study of molecular epidemiology and natural history of sivagm infection in 225 free-ranging agms from multiple locations in south africa. siv prevalence (established by sequencing pol,env,and gag) varied dramatically between infant/juvenile (7%) and adult animals (68%) (p<0.0001),and between adult females (78%) and males (57%). phylogenetic analyses revealed an extensive genetic diversity,including frequent recombination events. some agms harbored epidemiologically linked viruses. viruses infecting agms in the free state,which are separated from those on the coastal side by the drakensberg mountains,formed a separate cluster in the phylogenetic trees; this observation supports a long standing presence of siv in agms,at least from the time of their speciation to their plio-pleistocene migration. specific primers/probes were synthesized based on the pol sequence data and viral loads (vls) were quantified. vls were of 104-106 rna copies/ml,in the range of those observed in experimentally-infected monkeys,validating the experimental approaches in natural hosts. vls were significantly higher (107-108 rna copies/ml) in 10 agms diagnosed as acutely infected based on siv seronegativity (fiebig ii),which suggests a very active transmission of sivagm in the wild. neither cytokine levels (as biomarkers of immune activation) nor scd14 levels (a biomarker of microbial translocation) were different between siv-infected and siv-uninfected monkeys. this complex algorithm combining sequencing and phylogeny,vl quantification,serology,and testing of surrogate markers of microbial translocation and immune activation permits a systematic investigation of the epidemiology,viral diversity and natural history of siv infection in wild african natural hosts. © 2013 ma et al.
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آدرس
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center for vaccine research,university of pittsburgh,pittsburgh,pa, United States, center for neurobehavioral genetics,semel institute for neuroscience and human behavior,university of california los angeles,los angeles,ca, United States, center for vaccine research,university of pittsburgh,pittsburgh,pa, United States, department of genetics,faculty of natural and agricultural sciences,university of the free state,bloemfontein, South Africa, department of genetics,faculty of natural and agricultural sciences,university of the free state,bloemfontein,south africa,department of anthropology,university of wisconsin-milwaukee,milwaukee,wi, United States, center for neurobehavioral genetics,semel institute for neuroscience and human behavior,university of california los angeles,los angeles,ca, United States, center for neurobehavioral genetics,semel institute for neuroscience and human behavior,university of california los angeles,los angeles,ca, United States, center for vaccine research,university of pittsburgh,pittsburgh,pa, United States, computational and evolutionary biology,faculty of life sciences,university of manchester,manchester, United Kingdom, center for vaccine research,university of pittsburgh,pittsburgh,pa, United States, center for vaccine research,university of pittsburgh,pittsburgh,pa, United States, center for vaccine research,university of pittsburgh,pittsburgh,pa, United States, computational and evolutionary biology,faculty of life sciences,university of manchester,manchester, United Kingdom, departments of pathology and biochemistry,university of vermont,burlington,vt, United States, center for vaccine research,university of pittsburgh,pittsburgh,pa,united states,department of pathology,university of pittsburgh,pittsburgh,pa, United States, center for neurobehavioral genetics,semel institute for neuroscience and human behavior,university of california los angeles,los angeles,ca, United States, center for vaccine research,university of pittsburgh,pittsburgh,pa,united states,department of microbiology and molecular genetics,university of pittsburgh,pittsburgh,pa, United States
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Authors
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