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Evolution and spread of Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex alphavirus in the Americas
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نویسنده
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forrester n.l. ,wertheim j.o. ,dugan v.g. ,auguste a.j. ,lin d. ,adams a.p. ,chen r. ,gorchakov r. ,leal g. ,estrada-franco j.g. ,pandya j. ,halpin r.a. ,hari k. ,jain r. ,stockwell t.b. ,das s.r. ,wentworth d.e. ,smith m.d. ,kosakovsky pond s.l. ,weaver s.c.
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منبع
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plos neglected tropical diseases - 2017 - دوره : 11 - شماره : 8
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چکیده
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Venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) complex alphaviruses are important re-emerging arboviruses that cause life-threatening disease in equids during epizootics as well as spillover human infections. we conducted a comprehensive analysis of vee complex alphaviruses by sequencing the genomes of 94 strains and performing phylogenetic analyses of 130 isolates using complete open reading frames for the nonstructural and structural polyproteins. our analyses confirmed purifying selection as a major mechanism influencing the evolution of these viruses as well as a confounding factor in molecular clock dating of ancestors. times to most recent common ancestors (tmrcas) could be robustly estimated only for the more recently diverged subtypes; the tmrca of the id/iab/ic/ii and ie clades of vee virus (veev) were estimated at ca. 149–973 years ago. evolution of the ie subtype has been characterized by a significant evolutionary shift from the rest of the veev complex,with an increase in structural protein substitutions that are unique to this group,possibly reflecting adaptation to its unique enzootic mosquito vector culex (melanoconion) taeniopus. our inferred tree topologies suggest that veev is maintained primarily in situ,with only occasional spread to neighboring countries,probably reflecting the limited mobility of rodent hosts and mosquito vectors. © 2017 the library of science. all rights reserved.
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آدرس
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institute for human infections and immunity,department of pathology and department of microbiology and immunology,university of texas medical branch,galveston,tx, United States, department of medicine,university of california,san diego,la jolla,ca, United States, virology group j. craig venter institute,rockville,md,united states,virology surveillance and diagnosis branch influenza division,centers for disease control,atlanta,ga, United States, institute for human infections and immunity,department of pathology and department of microbiology and immunology,university of texas medical branch,galveston,tx, United States, cbio,fremont,ca, United States, institute for human infections and immunity,department of pathology and department of microbiology and immunology,university of texas medical branch,galveston,tx,united states,international animal health and food safety institute,kansas state university olathe,olathe,ks, United States, institute for human infections and immunity,department of pathology and department of microbiology and immunology,university of texas medical branch,galveston,tx, United States, institute for human infections and immunity,department of pathology and department of microbiology and immunology,university of texas medical branch,galveston,tx,united states,department of pediatrics,section of tropical medicine,baylor college of medicine,houston,tx, United States, institute for human infections and immunity,department of pathology and department of microbiology and immunology,university of texas medical branch,galveston,tx, United States, institute for human infections and immunity,department of pathology and department of microbiology and immunology,university of texas medical branch,galveston,tx,united states,the college of the southern border (ecosur),san cristobal de las casas,chiapas,mexico,unidad san cristóbal de las casas,departamento de salud,periférico sur s/n,maría auxiliadora,san cristóbal de las casas,mexico,centers for disease control and prevention cdc/national center for emerging zoonotic infectious diseases (ncezid)/office of infectious diseases (oid),edinburg,tx, United States, institute for human infections and immunity,department of pathology and department of microbiology and immunology,university of texas medical branch,galveston,tx, United States, virology group j. craig venter institute,rockville,md, United States, cbio,fremont,ca, United States, cbio,fremont,ca, United States, informatics group,j. craig venter institute,rockville,md,united states,national biodefense analysis and countermeasures center,fort detrick,md, United States, informatics group,j. craig venter institute,rockville,md,united states,department of medicine,vanderbilt university medical center,nashville,tn, United States, virology group j. craig venter institute,rockville,md,united states,virology surveillance and diagnosis branch influenza division,centers for disease control,atlanta,ga, United States, bioinformatics and systems biology graduate program,university of california,san diego,la jolla,ca,united states,pacific biosciences,menlo park,ca, United States, department of medicine,university of california,san diego,la jolla,ca,united states,department of biology,temple university,philadelphia,pa, United States, institute for human infections and immunity,department of pathology and department of microbiology and immunology,university of texas medical branch,galveston,tx, United States
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Authors
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