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Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of Yersinia pestis in Madagascar
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نویسنده
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vogler a.j. ,chan f. ,wagner d.m. ,roumagnac p. ,lee j. ,nera r. ,eppinger m. ,ravel j. ,rahalison l. ,rasoamanana b.w. ,beckstrom-sternberg s.m. ,achtman m. ,chanteau s. ,keim p.
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منبع
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plos neglected tropical diseases - 2011 - دوره : 5 - شماره : 9
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چکیده
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Background: plague was introduced to madagascar in 1898 and continues to be a significant human health problem. it exists mainly in the central highlands,but in the 1990s was reintroduced to the port city of mahajanga,where it caused extensive human outbreaks. despite its prevalence,the phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of y. pestis in madagascar has been difficult to study due to the great genetic similarity among isolates. we examine island-wide geographic-genetic patterns based upon whole-genome discovery of snps,snp genotyping and hypervariable variable-number tandem repeat (vntr) loci to gain insight into the maintenance and spread of y. pestis in madagascar. methodology/principal findings: we analyzed a set of 262 malagasy isolates using a set of 56 snps and a 43-locus multi-locus vntr analysis (mlva) system. we then analyzed the geographic distribution of the subclades and identified patterns related to the maintenance and spread of plague in madagascar. we find relatively high levels of vntr diversity in addition to several snp differences. we identify two major groups,groups i and ii,which are subsequently divided into 11 and 4 subclades,respectively. y. pestis appears to be maintained in several geographically separate subpopulations. there is also evidence for multiple long distance transfers of y. pestis,likely human mediated. such transfers have resulted in the reintroduction and establishment of plague in the port city of mahajanga,where there is evidence for multiple transfers both from and to the central highlands. conclusions/significance: the maintenance and spread of y. pestis in madagascar is a dynamic and highly active process that relies on the natural cycle between the primary host,the black rat,and its flea vectors as well as human activity. © 2011 vogler et al.
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آدرس
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center for microbial genetics and genomics,northern arizona university,flagstaff,az, United States, institut pasteur de madagascar,antananarivo, Madagascar, center for microbial genetics and genomics,northern arizona university,flagstaff,az, United States, max planck institut für infektionsbiologie,berlin,germany,unite mixte de recherche 6191,centre nat. de la recherche scientifique-commissariat a l'energie atomique-aix-marseille universite,commissariat á l'energie atomique cadarache,saint paul lez durance, France, center for microbial genetics and genomics,northern arizona university,flagstaff,az, United States, center for microbial genetics and genomics,northern arizona university,flagstaff,az, United States, institute for genomic sciences (igs),school of medicine,university of maryland,baltimore,md, United States, institute for genomic sciences (igs),school of medicine,university of maryland,baltimore,md, United States, institut pasteur de madagascar,antananarivo,madagascar,centers for disease control and prevention,atlanta,ga, United States, institut pasteur de madagascar,antananarivo,madagascar,laboratoire de biologie médicale du tampon,le tampon,reunion island, France, center for microbial genetics and genomics,northern arizona university,flagstaff,az,united states,translational genomics research institute,phoenix,az, United States, max planck institut für infektionsbiologie,berlin,germany,environmental research institute,university college cork,cork, Ireland, institut pasteur de madagascar,antananarivo,madagascar,institut pasteur de nouvelle-calédonie,nouméa, New Caledonia, center for microbial genetics and genomics,northern arizona university,flagstaff,az,united states,translational genomics research institute,phoenix,az, United States
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Authors
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