Serotype-Specific Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease after Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction: A Pooled Analysis of Multiple Surveillance Sites

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Serotype-Specific Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease after Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction: A Pooled Analysis of Multiple Surveillance Sites


نویسنده	feikin d.r. ,kagucia e.w. ,loo j.d. ,link-gelles r. ,puhan m.a. ,cherian t. ,levine o.s. ,whitney c.g. ,o'brien k.l. ,moore m.r. ,feikin d.r. ,link-gelles r. ,cherian t. ,adegbola r.a. ,agocs m. ,ampofo k. ,andrews n. ,barton t. ,benito j. ,broome c.v. ,bruce m.g. ,bulkow l.r. ,byington c.l. ,camou t. ,cook h. ,cotter s. ,dagan r. ,de wals p. ,deceuninck g. ,denham b. ,edwards g. ,eskola j. ,fitzgerald m. ,galanakis e. ,garcia-gabarrot g. ,garcia-garcia j.j. ,gene a. ,gomez b. ,heffernan h. ,hennessy t.w. ,heuberger s. ,hilty m. ,ingels h. ,jayasinghe s. ,kagucia e.w. ,kellner j.d. ,klein n.p. ,kormann-klement a. ,kozakova j. ,krause v. ,kriz p. ,lambertsen l. ,lepoutre a. ,levine o.s. ,lipsitch m. ,loo j.d. ,lopez-vega m. ,lovgren m. ,maraki s. ,mason e.o. ,mcintyre p.b. ,menzies r. ,messina a. ,miller e. ,mintegi s. ,moore m.r. ,motlova j. ,moulton l.h. ,mühlemann k. ,muñoz-almagro c. ,o'brien k.l. ,murdoch d.r. ,park d.e. ,puhan m.a. ,reingold a.l. ,sa-leao r. ,sanyal a. ,smith p.g. ,spanjaard l. ,techasaensiri c. ,thompson r.e. ,thoon k.c. ,tyrrell g.j. ,valentiner-branth p. ,van der ende a. ,vanderkooi o.g. ,van der linden m.p.g. ,varon e. ,verhaegen j. ,vestrheim d.f. ,vickers i. ,von gottberg a. ,von kries r. ,waight p. ,weatherholtz r. ,weiss s. ,whitney c.g. ,yee a. ,zaidi a.k.m.
منبع	plos medicine - 2013 - دوره : 10 - شماره : 9
چکیده	Background:vaccine-serotype (vt) invasive pneumococcal disease (ipd) rates declined substantially following introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) into national immunization programs. increases in non-vaccine-serotype (nvt) ipd rates occurred in some sites,presumably representing serotype replacement. we used a standardized approach to describe serotype-specific ipd changes among multiple sites after pcv7 introduction.methods and findings:of 32 ipd surveillance datasets received,we identified 21 eligible databases with rate data ≥2 years before and ≥1 year after pcv7 introduction. expected annual rates of ipd absent pcv7 introduction were estimated by extrapolation using either poisson regression modeling of pre-pcv7 rates or averaging pre-pcv7 rates. to estimate whether changes in rates had occurred following pcv7 introduction,we calculated site specific rate ratios by dividing observed by expected ipd rates for each post-pcv7 year. we calculated summary rate ratios (rrs) using random effects meta-analysis. for children <5 years old,overall ipd decreased by year 1 post-pcv7 (rr 0·55,95% ci 0·46-0·65) and remained relatively stable through year 7 (rr 0·49,95% ci 0·35-0·68). point estimates for vt ipd decreased annually through year 7 (rr 0·03,95% ci 0·01-0·10),while nvt ipd increased (year 7 rr 2·81,95% ci 2·12-3·71). among adults,decreases in overall ipd also occurred but were smaller and more variable by site than among children. at year 7 after introduction,significant reductions were observed (18-49 year-olds [rr 0·52,95% ci 0·29-0·91],50-64 year-olds [rr 0·84,95% ci 0·77-0·93],and ≥65 year-olds [rr 0·74,95% ci 0·58-0·95]).conclusions:consistent and significant decreases in both overall and vt ipd in children occurred quickly and were sustained for 7 years after pcv7 introduction,supporting use of pcvs. increases in nvt ipd occurred in most sites,with variable magnitude. these findings may not represent the experience in low-income countries or the effects after introduction of higher valency pcvs. high-quality,population-based surveillance of serotype-specific ipd rates is needed to monitor vaccine impact as more countries,including low-income countries,introduce pcvs and as higher valency pcvs are used.please see later in the article for the editors' summary.

آدرس	johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md,united states,national center for emerging and zoonotic and infectious diseases,centers for disease control and prevention,atlanta,ga, United States, johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, respiratory disease branch,centers for disease control and prevention,atlanta,ga, United States, respiratory disease branch,centers for disease control and prevention,atlanta,ga, United States, johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, department of immunization,vaccines and biologicals,world health organization,geneva, Switzerland, johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, respiratory disease branch,centers for disease control and prevention,atlanta,ga, United States, johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, respiratory disease branch,centers for disease control and prevention,atlanta,ga, United States, johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, respiratory disease branch,centers for disease control and prevention,atlanta,ga, United States, department of immunization,vaccines and biologicals,world health organization,geneva, Switzerland, glaxosmithkline biologicals,wavre, Belgium, fch/ivb/expanded programme on immunization,world health organization,geneva, Switzerland, university of utah,salt lake city,ut, United States, immunization,hepatitis and blood safety department,health protection agency,london, United Kingdom, department of pediatrics,university of texas southwestern medical center,dallas,tx, United States, pediatric emergency department,cruces universitary hospital,bilbao, Spain, rollins school of public health,emory university,atlanta,ga, United States, arctic investigations program,national center for emerging zoonotic and infectious diseases,centers for disease control and prevention,anchorage,ak, United States, arctic investigations program,national center for emerging zoonotic and infectious diseases,centers for disease control and prevention,anchorage,ak, United States, university of utah,salt lake city,ut, United States, departamento de laboratorios,ministerio de salud,montevideo, Uruguay, centre for disease control,department of health and families,darwin,nt, Australia, health services executive-health protection surveillance centre (hpsc),dublin, Ireland, ben-gurion university of the negev and pediatric infectious disease unit,soroka university medical center,beer-sheva, Israel, institut national de santé publique,quebec city, Canada, quebec university hospital research centre,quebec city, Canada, scottish legionella,haemophilus,meningococcus and pneumococus reference laboratory,glasgow, United Kingdom, scottish legionella,haemophilus,meningococcus and pneumococus reference laboratory,glasgow, United Kingdom, national institute for health and welfare (thl),helsinki, Finland, health services executive-health protection surveillance centre (hpsc),dublin, Ireland, department of paediatrics,university of crete, Greece, departamento de laboratorios,ministerio de salud,montevideo, Uruguay, university hospital sant joan de deu,esplugues,barcelona, Spain, university hospital sant joan de deu,esplugues,barcelona, Spain, pediatric emergency department,cruces universitary hospital,bilbao, Spain, institute of environmental science and research,porirua, New Zealand, arctic investigations program,national center for emerging zoonotic and infectious diseases,centers for disease control and prevention,anchorage,ak, United States, austrian agency for health and food safety,graz, Austria, institute for infectious diseases,university of bern,bern, Switzerland, diagnostics and infection control,statens serum institut,copenhagen, Denmark, national centre for immunisation research and surveillance,university of sydney,sydney, Australia, johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, department of paediatrics,university of calgary and calgary streptococcus pneumoniae epidemiology research (casper) team,calgary, Canada, kaiser permanente vaccine study center,oakland,ca, United States, austrian agency for health and food safety,graz, Austria, centre for epidemiology and microbiology,national institute of public health,prague, Czech Republic, centre for disease control,department of health and families,darwin,nt, Australia, centre for epidemiology and microbiology,national institute of public health,prague, Czech Republic, diagnostics and infection control,statens serum institut,copenhagen, Denmark, department of infectious diseases,french institute for public health surveillance,saint maurice, France, johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, department of epidemiology and department of immunology and infectious diseases,harvard school of public health,boston,ma, United States, respiratory disease branch,centers for disease control and prevention,atlanta,ga, United States, departamento de laboratorios,ministerio de salud,montevideo, Uruguay, provincial laboratory for public health,edmonton,ab, Canada, university hospital of heraklion, Greece, baylor college of medicine,houston,tx, United States, national centre for immunization research and surveillance,university of sydney and the children's hospital at westmead,sydney, Australia, national centre for immunization research and surveillance,university of sydney and the children's hospital at westmead,sydney, Australia, all children's hospital,st. petersburg,fl, United States, immunization,hepatitis and blood safety department,health protection agency,london, United Kingdom, pediatric emergency department,cruces universitary hospital,bilbao, Spain, department of infectious disease epidemiology,london school of hygiene and tropical medicine,london, United Kingdom, centre for epidemiology and microbiology,national institute of public health,prague, Czech Republic, department of international health,johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, institute for infectious diseases,university of bern and university hospital bern,inselspital,bern, Switzerland, university hospital sant joan de deu,esplugues,barcelona, Spain, johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, university of otago,christchurch, New Zealand, department of international health,johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, university of california berkeley,berkeley,ca, United States, laboratory of molecular microbiology of human pathogens and laboratory of molecular genetics,instituto de tecnologia quýmica e biológica,universidade nova de lisboa,oeiras, Portugal, department of biostatistics,johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, department of infectious disease epidemiology,london school of hygiene and tropical medicine,london, United Kingdom, academic medical center,department of medical microbiology and the netherlands reference laboratory for bacterial meningitis,amsterdam, Netherlands, department of pediatrics,mahidol university,bangkok, Thailand, department of biostatistics,johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, department of paediatric medicine,kk women's and children's hospital and yong loo lin school of medicine,duke-nus graduate school of medicine,national university of singapore, Singapore, department of laboratory medicine and pathology,university of alberta and provincial laboratory for public health,edmonton,ab, Canada, national health surveillance and research,statens serum institut,copenhagen, Denmark, academic medical center,department of medical microbiology and the netherlands reference laboratory for bacterial meningitis,amsterdam, Netherlands, department of paediatrics,university of calgary and calgary streptococcus pneumoniae epidemiology research (casper) team,calgary, Canada, german national reference center for streptococci,department of medical microbiology,university hospital rwth aachen,aachen, Germany, national reference centre for pneumococci (nrcp),ap-hp,georges pompidou european hospital,paris, France, pneumococcus reference laboratory,katholieke universiteit leuven,leuven, Belgium, norwegian institute of public health,oslo, Norway, national pneumococcal typing project,rcsi/beaumont/children's university hospital,dublin, Ireland, centre for respiratory diseases and meningitis,national institute for communicable diseases,gauteng, South Africa, institute for social pediatrics and adolescent medicine,ludwig-maximilian university,munich, Germany, immunization,hepatitis and blood safety department,health protection agency,london, United Kingdom, johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, institute for social pediatrics and adolescent medicine,ludwig-maximilian university,munich, Germany, department of infectious disease epidemiology,london school of hygiene and tropical medicine,london, United Kingdom, kaiser permanente vaccine study center,oakland,ca, United States, department of paediatrics and child health,aga khan university,karachi, Pakistan



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