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Pleiotropic Mechanisms Indicated for Sex Differences in Autism
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نویسنده
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mitra i. ,tsang k. ,ladd-acosta c. ,croen l.a. ,aldinger k.a. ,hendren r.l. ,traglia m. ,lavillaureix a. ,zaitlen n. ,oldham m.c. ,levitt p. ,nelson s. ,amaral d.g. ,herz-picciotto i. ,fallin m.d. ,weiss l.a.
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منبع
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plos genetics - 2016 - دوره : 12 - شماره : 11
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چکیده
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Sexual dimorphism in common disease is pervasive,including a dramatic male preponderance in autism spectrum disorders (asds). potential genetic explanations include a liability threshold model requiring increased polymorphism risk in females,sex-limited x-chromosome contribution,gene-environment interaction driven by differences in hormonal milieu,risk influenced by genes sex-differentially expressed in early brain development,or contribution from general mechanisms of sexual dimorphism shared with secondary sex characteristics. utilizing a large single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) dataset,we identify distinct sex-specific genome-wide significant loci. we investigate genetic hypotheses and find no evidence for increased genetic risk load in females,but evidence for sex heterogeneity on the x chromosome,and contribution of sex-heterogeneous snps for anthropometric traits to asd risk. thus,our results support pleiotropy between secondary sex characteristic determination and asds,providing a biological basis for sex differences in asds and implicating non brain-limited mechanisms. © 2016 mitra et al.
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آدرس
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department of psychiatry and institute for human genetics,university of california,san francisco,ca, United States, department of psychiatry and institute for human genetics,university of california,san francisco,ca, United States, department of epidemiology,johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,ma, United States, division of research,kaiser permanente northern california,ca, United States, center for integrative brain research,seattle children's research institute,seattle,wa, United States, department of psychiatry and institute for human genetics,university of california,san francisco,ca, United States, department of psychiatry and institute for human genetics,university of california,san francisco,ca, United States, department of psychiatry and institute for human genetics,university of california,san francisco,ca,united states,université paris descartes,sorbonne paris cité,faculty of medicine, France, department of medicine,university of california,san francisco,san francisco,ca, United States, department of neurological surgery,university of california,san francisco,san francisco,ca, United States, program in developmental neurogenetics,institute for the developing mind,children’s hospital los angeles and department of pediatrics,keck school of medicine,university of southern california,los angeles,ca, United States, department of human genetics,david geffen school of medicine,university of california,los angeles,los angeles,ca, United States, department of psychiatry and behavioral sciences,medicine and medical investigation of neurodevelopmental disorders (m.i.n.d.) institute,university of california,davis school of medicine,sacramento,ca, United States, department of public health sciences and medicine and medical investigation of neurodevelopmental disorders (m.i.n.d.) institute,university of california,davis school of medicine,sacramento,ca, United States, department of mental health,johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health,baltimore,md, United States, department of psychiatry and institute for human genetics,university of california,san francisco,ca, United States
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Authors
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