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Increased ventilation by fish leads to a higher risk of parasitism
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نویسنده
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mikheev v.n. ,pasternak a.f. ,valtonen e.t. ,taskinen j.
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منبع
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parasites and vectors - 2014 - دوره : 7 - شماره : 1
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چکیده
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Background: fish are common intermediate hosts of trematode cercariae and their gills can potentially serve as important sites of penetration by these larval stages. we experimentally tested the hypothesis that volume of ventilation flow across the gills contributes to acquisition of these parasites by fish. we manipulated the intensity of ventilation by using different oxygen concentrations. methods. juvenile oncorhynchus mykiss were individually exposed for 10 minutes to a standard dose of diplostomum pseudospathaceum cercariae at three levels of oxygen concentration,30,60 and 90%. ventilation amplitude (measured as a distance between left and right operculum),operculum beat rate,and the number of cercariae established in the eyes of fish were recorded. results: fish reacted to low oxygen concentration with wider expansion of opercula (but not with increasing beat rate),leading to an increase in ventilation volume. as expected,the intensity of infection increased with decreasing oxygen saturation - probably due to a higher exposure to cercariae caused by increased ventilation under low oxygen concentrations. the number of cercariae acquired by an individual fish was positively correlated with ventilation amplitude and with ventilation volume,but not with operculum beat rate. however,even though the infection rate increased under these circumstances,the proportion of larval trematodes successfully establishing in fish eyes decreased with increasing ventilation volume,suggesting that the high flow velocity,although increasing host exposure to cercarial parasites,may interfere with the ability of these parasites to penetrate their hosts. there was no difference in the behaviour of trematode cercariae exposed to low and high oxygen concentrations. conclusion: a reduction in oxygen saturation resulted in an increase in ventilation volume across the gills and in doing so an increase in the exposure of fish to cercariae. a significant correlation between ventilation volume and parasitism represents the first experimental evidence that this physiological mechanism generates variation in transmission of parasites to fish hosts. other factors that modify ventilation flow,e.g. physiological or social stressors,are expected to produce similar effects on the transmission success of the parasites penetrating fish hosts using the gills. © 2014 mikheev et al.; licensee biomed central ltd.
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کلیدواژه
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Diplostomum pseudospathaceum; Oxygen concentration; Parasite acquisition; Rainbow trout; Ventilation rate
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آدرس
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laboratory of behaviour of lower vertebrates,institute of ecology and evolution,russian academy of sciences,33 leninskii pr,119071 moscow, Russian Federation, laboratory of plankton ecology,institute of oceanology,russian academy of sciences,36 nakhimovskii pr,117997 moscow, Russian Federation, department of biological and environmental science,university of jyväskylä,pl 35,40351 jyväskylä, Finland, department of biological and environmental science,university of jyväskylä,pl 35,40351 jyväskylä, Finland
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