sensitivity analysis of gold nanorod biosensors for single molecule detection

Single protein molecule detection is important for investigating molecular behavior and diagnosing diseases at an early stage. gold nanorod (gnr) biosensors have shown promise for label-free detection of single protein molecules. however, for widespread applications of gnr biosensors with high sensitivity, detail studies are needed to understand the effects of the sensing environment and the molecular binding dynamics on the sensitivity. in this work, a comprehensive theoretical analysis with variable substrate, buffer, ligand, and binding position of the target molecules shows that gnr biosensors are highly sensitive for single molecule detection of biological samples including critical pathogens such as cancer marker thyroglobulin and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) marker glycoprotein. we also propose and show that a gnr biosensor with a dielectric cladding layer on the body increases the sensitivity by orders of magnitude compared to other state-of-the-art biosensors.