effects of extraction parameters on particle size of titanium dioxide nanopowders prepared by physical vapor deposition technique

In this work, the effects of different extraction parameters on the particle size of the nanopowders extracted from titanium dioxide thin film samples were studied. these nanopowders were obtained by the conjunctional freezing-assisted ultrasonic extraction method. titanium dioxide thin films were different in their structures (anatase-only, rutile-only, and mixed phase), and their structural characteristics were determined. results showed that extraction parameters such as freezing temperature, ultrasonic frequency, and application time are very effective in determining the nanoparticle size, which is very important for many applications and uses of highly pure nanomaterials and nanostructures.