Ecdysteroids: production in plant in vitro cultures

Ecdysteroids are secondary metabolites, widely distributed in the animal and plant kingdoms. they have a wide range of pharmacological effects in vertebrates, including mammals, most of which are beneficial for humans. therefore, they have become compounds of interest for the pharmaceutical industry due to their adaptogenic, anabolic, hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolaemic and antimicrobial activities, which are still being researched. nowadays, ecdysteroids are present as active ingredients in bodybuilding supplements. because of their complex structures, their chemical synthesis seems unprofitable and impractical. due to high content of ecdysteroids in many plants, they are primarily obtained by extraction of the plant material. plant in vitro cultures provide an alternative source of these compounds, helping to avoid problems associated with field production—such as variable yield or dependence on environmental factors, as well as limited availability of natural resources. plant cell and tissue cultures be suggested as alternatives for the production of plant biomass rich in pharmaceutically active ecdysteroids. moreover, the use of common biotechnological strategies, such as elicitation or precursor feeding, further increase the yield and improve production of these compounds. in this paper, we describe general information about ecdysteroids: their structure, biosynthesis, distribution, role in plants, and we review recent studies on micropropagation of ecdysteroid-producing plants and cell cultures, and potential ability of ecdysteroids enhancement in in vitro cultures.