Advances in phytochemistry, pharmacology and biotechnology of Bulgarian Astragalus species

The genus astragalus l., fabaceae (leguminosae) is presented in bulgarian flora by 31 species including local endemics, nine of them listed in the red data book. the main biologically active compounds found in the bulgarian astragalus plants are saponins and flavonoids with a variety of effects: immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antihypoxic and others. in the recent years volatiles with cytotoxic activity have also been determined. saponins and flavonoids are still preferably produced by plants due to their complex structures. variable quantities and qualities of the wild plant material, plants that need to grow several years before they are ready for harvesting and over-collecting of endangered astragalus species are just a few of the problems connected with the production of these natural products. therefore, cultured cells are possible alternative for production of high-value secondary metabolites. this review is focused on phytochemical, pharmacological and biotechnological studies of bulgarian astragalus plants and includes also results from our investigations.