Surgical interventions of common congenital heart defects in dogs: A comprehensive review [Köpeklerde yaygi{dotless}n konjenital kalp hatalari{dotless}nda cerrahi müdahaleler]

The most common congenital heart defects (chds) in the dog include aortic stenosis,patent ductus arteriosus,pulmonic stenosis,ventricular septal defects,mitral valve dysplasia,tricuspid valve dysplasia,tetralogy of fallot,and endocardial fibroelastosis. they can occur as a result of genetic,environmental,infectious,or poisoning conditions,or malnutritional or maternal medical influences. some authors believe that chds show gender and breed heritable predilections in dogs. most dogs with severe chds may show congestive heart failure,and lead to an early death. the diagnoses of chds rely on electrocardiogram,chest radiograph,echocardiogram,and sometimes cardiac catheterization. earlier accurate diagnosis with further proper treatments ensures better outcomes. surgical interventions that are employed in humans can be applied in dogs as well. open heart surgery may be necessary for the repair of the defects,but it costs much. some chds may be curable to minimally invasive or hybrid procedures. early diagnosis also allows owners to avoid continuing genetic defects in breeding lines. attentions to the dog breeds with a known predisposition of an inheritable heart disease would merit a long-run veterinary significance.