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The aqua-planet experiment (APE): Response to changed meridional SST profile
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نویسنده
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williamson d.l. ,blackburn m. ,nakajima k. ,ohfuchi w. ,takahashi y.o. ,hayashi y.-y. ,nakamura h. ,ishiwatari m. ,mcgregor j.l. ,borth h. ,wirth v. ,frank h. ,bechtold p. ,wedi n.p. ,tomita h. ,satoh m. ,zhao m. ,held i.m. ,suarez m.j. ,lee m.-i. ,watanabe m. ,kimoto m. ,liu y. ,wang z. ,molod a. ,rajendran k. ,kitoh a. ,stratton r.
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منبع
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journal of the meteorological society of japan - 2013 - دوره : 91 - شماره : 1 A - صفحه:57 -89
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چکیده
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This paper explores the sensitivity of atmospheric general circulation model (agcm) simulations to changes in the meridional distribution of sea surface temperature (sst). the simulations are for an aqua-planet,a water covered earth with no land,orography or sea-ice and with specified zonally symmetric sst. simulations from 14 agcms developed for numerical weather prediction and climate applications are compared. four experiments are performed to study the sensitivity to the meridional sst profile. these profiles range from one in which the sst gradient continues to the equator to one which is flat approaching the equator,all with the same maximum sst at the equator. the zonal mean circulation of all models shows strong sensitivity to latitudinal distribution of sst. the hadley circulation weakens and shifts poleward as the sst profile flattens in the tropics. one question of interest is the formation of a double versus a single itcz. there is a large variation between models of the strength of the itcz and where in the sst experiment sequence they transition from a single to double itcz. the sst profiles are defined such that as the equatorial sst gradient flattens,the maximum gradient increases and moves poleward. this leads to a weakening of the mid-latitude jet accompanied by a poleward shift of the jet core. also considered are tropical wave activity and tropical precipitation frequency distributions. the details of each vary greatly between models,both with a given sst and in the response to the change in sst. one additional experiment is included to examine the sensitivity to an off-equatorial sst maximum. the upward branch of the hadley circulation follows the sst maximum off the equator. the models that form a single precipitation maximum when the maximum sst is on the equator shift the precipitation maximum off equator and keep it centered over the sst maximum. those that form a double with minimum on the equatorial maximum sst shift the double structure off the equator,keeping the minimum over the maximum sst. in both situations only modest changes appear in the shifted profile of zonal average precipitation. when the upward branch of the hadley circulation moves into the hemisphere with sst maximum,the zonal average zonal,meridional and vertical winds all indicate that the hadley cell in the other hemisphere dominates. © 2013,meteorological society of japan.
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کلیدواژه
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Comparison of atmospheric general circulation models (GCMS); Hadley circulation; Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ); Precipitation; Sea surface temperature profile
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آدرس
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national center for atmospheric research,boulder,co, United States, national centre for atmospheric science,university of reading,reading, United Kingdom, kyushu university,fukuoka, Japan, japan agency for marine-earth science and technology,yokohama, Japan, center for planetary science,kobe,japan,kobe university,kobe, Japan, center for planetary science,kobe,japan,kobe university,kobe, Japan, research center for advanced science and technology,the university of tokyo,tokyo, Japan, graduate school of science,hokkaido university,sapporo, Japan, csiro marine and atmospheric research,aspendale, Australia, theoretical meteorology,university of hamburg,hamburg, Germany, institute for atmospheric physics,university of mainz,mainz, Germany, research and development,deutscher wetterdienst,offenbach, Germany, european centre for medium-range weather forecasts,reading,berkshire, United Kingdom, european centre for medium-range weather forecasts,reading,berkshire, United Kingdom, advanced institute for computational science,riken,kobe, Japan, atmosphere and ocean research institute,the university of tokyo,kashiwa, Japan, geophysical fluid dynamics laboratory,princeton university,princeton,nj, United States, geophysical fluid dynamics laboratory,princeton university,princeton,nj, United States, global modeling and assimilation office,nasa goddard space flight center,greenbelt,md, United States, ulsan national institute of science and technology,ulsan, South Korea, atmosphere and ocean research institute,the university of tokyo,kashiwa, Japan, atmosphere and ocean research institute,the university of tokyo,kashiwa, Japan, state key laboratory of numerical modeling for atmospheric sciences and geophysical fluid dynamics,institute of atmospheric physics,cas,beijing, China, national climate center,china meteorological administration,beijing, China, global modeling and assimilation office,nasa goddard space flight center,greenbelt,ma, United States, center for mathematical modelling and computer simulation,national aerospace laboratories,bangalore, India, meteorological research institute,tsukuba, Japan, met office,exeter, United Kingdom
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Authors
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