Retail space invaders: when employees’ invasion of customer space increases purchase intentions

This research fills a gap in the retailing literature regarding physical proximity while shopping. most research in this area examines perceived crowding or social presence and largely ignores issues of distance. using four studies we explore the impact of the physical proximity of an employee to a shopper. contrary to common belief, we show that such encroachments can increase consumers’ acceptance feelings and their purchase intentions. we illustrate how these results are consistent with social identity theory. the results show a shopper can have higher purchase intentions the closer an employee physically gets to them due to an increase in feelings of acceptance. this result is strengthened when being included to an in-group is important to the shopper. the negative effects of feeling anxious in a purchase situation can also be buffered the closer an employee gets. finally, the positive relationship of felt acceptance to purchase intentions is most critical when the product being purchased is perceived as less expressive. these results have important implications to our understanding of shopper behavior and reactions to physical proximity.