Low-temperature bromide modification of SnO2 for highly efficient perovskite solar cells

the electron transport layer (etl) plays a crucial role in the rapidly developed perovskite solar cells (pscs). sno2 has become one of the most promising alternatives to the tio2 etl due to its superior characteristics, such as the wider bandgap and hysteresis-free. however, at this stage, a lot of preparation methods of sno2 etl exist in high temperature and long time, those undoubtedly increase the cost and time of preparation. herein, we report a low-temperature solution-processed sno2 etl without high annealing temperature, and a special bromine salt is used to modify sno2, which leads to a higher transmittance and improved carrier transport ability. due to the excellent optical and electrical properties, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the prepared psc reaches up to 18.8%. moreover, it can be fabricated using facile solution processing at low temperature, making it particularly attractive for flexible development and low-cost commercialization.