the pathophysiological signaling and efficacy of medicinal herbal compounds in alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (ad) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with a high prevalence worldwide. it is associated with annoying and debilitating cognitive and memory deficits. for many years, various herbs have been consumed to boost memory and other dementia-related complications. acetylcholinesterase (ache) inhibitory, antioxidant properties, and neuroprotective effects of medicinal plants have broadened their application in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. among them, compounds of t. grandiflora, including the methanol extract, depicted antioxidant and hydroxy radical scavenging properties. likewise, zingiber officinale and resveratrol have been suggested to demonstrate a neuroprotective effect. besides, there is a long list of herbal medicines with ache inhibitory action listed as follows: t. grandiflora, a. paniculata, s. officinalis, g. nivalis, a. calamus, n. jatamansi, m. allemão, c. sativum, c. tubulosa, and silymarin a flavonoid derived from silybum marianum (l.) gaertn. moreover, ginkgo biloba l., curcuma longa l, and natural bioactive compounds including silymarin, and resveratrol, can inhibit the formation and progression of amyloid-beta (aβ), increase synaptic accumulation of acetylcholine, modulate the degree of tau protein phosphorylation, provide oxidative stress protection, and attenuate neuroinflammation. herbal compounds involved in ad signaling pathways could affect various pathological processes related to ad and may be beneficial for ad treatment. in this review, the impact of medicinal herbs in alleviating ad symptoms is discussed, for which three databases including pubmed, web of science, and scopus were selected with the keywords of alzheimer’s disease, medical herbs, signaling pathway, and plants.