Avian biodiversity and conservation in malaysian oil palm production areas

Our study demonstrated the persistence of avian biodiversity in established oil palm production areas. here,the empirical evidence on avian species richness reflects explicitly that oil palm production areas are not merely a green biological desert'. we investigated the relationships between bird species richness and dfferent management regimes (plantations vs. smaliholdings) and vegetation characteristics in 30 oil palm areas in the states of selango perak,negeri sembilan and pahang. we recorded 72 bird species,comprising approximately 32°c forest-dependent,19% migratory and logo wetland species. our study showed that plantations and smaliholdings supported a similar total number of bird species richness (p = 0.709). howevei we found that a greater height of the ground vegetation cover had a positive effect on total species richness (p < 0001). similarly,there was no sigrnfi cant dfference between plantations and smallholdings with respect to the total number of migratory species (p = 0.322). this number also increased when ground vegetation cover was higher (p = 0.010). we recommend the following appropriate conservation measures that may enhance avian biodiversity in oil palm production areas: (1) implementation of tree planting projects that benefit wild birds,(2) integration of oil palm with livestock grazing to phase out dangerous agrochemicals that are harmful to zvild birds,and (3) continued promotion of ground vegetation cover to increase habitat heterogeneity on a local scale. potentially oil palm can move towards becoming a sustainable and profitable commodity f production areas can be managed for conservation outcomes.