Diagnosis and risk stratification of women with stable ischemic heart disease

Although mortality rates for cardiovascular disease are on the decline, it remains the leading cause of death among men and women in the united states. until recently, more women died of heart disease every year than men. significant effort has been focused on increasing the awareness of cardiovascular disease among women, but ethnic disparities in awareness still exist. early symptom recognition, risk assessment, and diagnosis of cad are paramount in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women. this review will highlight the unique risk factors for cad in women, variability in clinical presentation for ischemic heart disease, and risk stratification for cad in symptomatic women.