Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in intracerebral hemorrhage-induced inflammation and injury

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ich) is a common type of fatal stroke,accounting for about 15% to 20% of all strokes. hemorrhagic strokes are associated with high mortality and morbidity,and increasing evidence shows that innate immune responses and inflammatory injury play a critical role in ich-induced neurological deficits. however,the signaling pathways involved in ich-induced inflammatory responses remain elusive. toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) belongs to a large family of pattern recognition receptors that play a key role in innate immunity and inflammatory responses. in this review,we summarize recent findings concerning the involvement of tlr4 signaling in ich-induced inflammation and brain injury. we discuss the key mechanisms associated with tlr4 signaling in ich and explore the potential for therapeutic intervention by targeting tlr4 signaling. © 2013 fang et al; licensee biomed central ltd.