مدعیان دروغین و شگردهای تبلیغی آنها در سده‌های میانه تاریخ ایران

در ﺳﺪه ﻫﺎی ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﻼمی اﻳﺮان ﻣﺪﻋﻴﺎن دروﻏﻴﻦ زﻳﺎدی ﺑﺎ ادﻋﺎﻫﺎیی ﭼﻮن ﻣﻬﺪوﻳﺖ، اﻣﺎﻣﺖ،ﻧﺒﻮت و اﻟﻮﻫﻴﺖ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ.آﻧﺎن ﺑﺮای ﺑﺎورﭘﺬﻳﺮی ﻋﻤﻮمی و ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ ﻧﻔﻮذ در ﺗﺎر و ﭘﻮد اﺟﺘﻤﺎع،ﺟﺬب و ﺟﻠﺐ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎی ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ در ﺟﻬﺖ واﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺮدﻳﺪ و ﺷﻬﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه از ﺳﻮی ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻫﺪاف و اﻧﮕﻴﺰه ﻫﺎی دﻋﺎوﻳﺸﺎن، ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ای از ﺷﮕﺮدﻫﺎی ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻐﻲ را ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻟﺬا ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ و ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮح اﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﺑﻨﻴﺎدﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪﻋﻴﺎن دروﻏﻴﻦ در ﺳﺪه ﻫﺎی ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻳﺮاﻧﺪارای ﭼﻪ ﺷﮕﺮدﻫﺎی ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻐﻲ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ؟ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﻮﺻﻴفی - ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ و در راﺳﺘﺎی اراﺋﻪ اﻟﮕﻮیی از ﺑﺤﺚ در ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻳﺮان،درﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ادﻋﺎی ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺟﻬﺎن ﻣﺎوراء و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ اﻟﻬﺎم از ﺟﻬﺎن ﻏﻴﺐ و ﻣﻌﻨﺎ،ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎزی ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮان و اﺋﻤﻪ اﻃﻬﺎر(ع) و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ادﻋﺎی ﺑﺮﺧﻮرداری از ﻛﺮاﻣﺎت ﻣﻌﻨﻮی، اﻧﺘﺴﺎب ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻓﺬ رﻳﺎﺿﺖ و ﺗﺼﻮف، ﺗﺒﺎرﺳﺎزی دروﻏﻴﻦ، ﺗﻴﺮه اﻧﮕﺎری ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ و ﻧﻮﻳﺪ آﻳﻨﺪه ای روﺷﻦ ﺑﺮای ﭘﻴﺮوان، اﻧﺠﺎم ﺳﺤﺮ و ﺟﺎدو و ﺷﻌﺒﺪه و در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪن ﻧﻘﺎب در دﺳﺘﻮر ﻛﺎر ﻣﺪﻋﻴﺎن و ﻣﺘﻔﻜﺮان ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮﻧﻴﺸﺎن ﻗﺮار داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. بی ﺗﺮدﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺷﮕﺮدﻫﺎی تبلیغی در راﺳﺘﺎی اﻗﻨﺎع اﻓﻜﺎر ﻋﻤﻮمی، اﻳﺠﺎد ﻓﻀﺎی ﻗﺪسی و اﻟﻮهی ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن ادﻋﺎ، ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺪعی و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﻨﺸﻌﺐ از آن ﺑﺮای ﭘﻴﺸﺒﺮد ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺳﻴﺎسی ﻣﺬﻫبی ﺻﻮرت می ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.

false claimers and the promotional strategies in the middle centuries of iran’s history (4th-9th century)

the middle islamic period of iran’s history witnessed a great deal of heretical religious ideas and subsequently, the advent of many false claimers of divinity, prophecy, imamat, and mahdism. they employed a variety of propagandist strategies in order to look believable in the eyes of the people, to be accepted in the mainstream society, to attract public support, and to react to the challenges posed by the detractors. adopting descriptive-analytical method, this study tries to find out the propagandist strategies used by the false claimers in the middle centuries of iran’s history. the results of the study show that the false claimers attempted to look similar to prophets and imams and in this way, claimed spiritual miracles, communication with the metaphysical world, and receiving inspirations from the unseen world. they also claimed closeness to sophism and their austere lifestyle, used a fake lineage, provided a dark picture of the past and a promising picture of the future, employed magic, and wore masks to fulfill their aims. all these deceptive propagandist strategies were adopted to convince public opinion, provide a mystical halo around the false claimers, and ultimately to serve their needs and ambitions.