Identification of two novel mutations in the NOG gene associated with congenital stapes ankylosis and symphalangism

In this study, we describe three unrelated japanese patients with hearing loss and symphalangism who were diagnosed with proximal symphalangism (sym1), atypical multiple synostosis syndrome (atypical syns1) and stapes ankylosis with broad thumb and toes (sabtt), respectively, based on the clinical features. surgical findings in the middle ear were similar among the patients. by next-generation and sanger sequencing analyses, we identified two novel mutations, c.559c>g (p.p178a) and c.682t>a (p.c228s), in the sym1 and atypical syns1 families, respectively. no pathogenic changes were found in the protein-coding regions, exon–intron boundaries or promoter regions of the nog, gdf5 or fgf9 genes in the sabtt family. such negative molecular data suggest there may be further genetic heterogeneity underlying syns1, with the involvement of at least one additional gene. stapedotomy resulted in good hearing in all patients over the long term, indicating no correlation between genotype and surgical outcome. given the overlap of the clinical features of these syndromes in our patients and the molecular findings, the diagnostic term ‘nog-related-symphalangism spectrum disorder (nog-ssd)’ is advocated and an unidentified gene may be responsible for this disorder.