Antimicrobial Activity of Ephedra pachyclada Methanol Extract on Some Enteric Gram Negative Bacteria Which Causes Nosocomial Infections by Agar Dilution Method

Background: this study evaluated the brine shrimp larvae toxicity and enzymes inhibitory especially anti-diabetic potential of caloplaca biatorina via in vitro inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase using the methanol extracts. also aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase enzymes inhibitory, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activities of the species were determined.methods: in this experimental study, different concentrations of the extracts (0.2, 5.0, 1 and 1.5 mg/ml) were incubated with enzyme substrate solution and the percentage of enzyme inhibitory activity and ic50 was calculated. folin- ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods were used to estimate total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts. the toxicity of the extract was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) were determined. high-performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography analysis were evaluated. the data were analyzed by spss v.21 software.results: parietin, emodin, 1,8-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6- methoxy-9.10-anthracenedione and rhein were identified. the extract showed strong α-glucosidase, aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities with ic50 value of 17.12, 40.09 and 11.02 µg/ml respectively. also methanol extract displayed the strongest dpph radical scavenging and brine shrimp toxicity (ic50 = 91.11) properties.conclusions: the result obtained suggests that the c. biatorina extract can be classified as non-toxic. also, it revealed the antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of the lichen.