end-to-end voting with non-permissioned and permissioned ledgers

We propose a decentralised end-to-end voting platform (from voter to candidate) based on the block-chain technology. in particular, we study and exploit both the non-permissioned ledger of bitcoin, and the multichain permissioned ledger. we describe the main architectural choices behind the two implementations, including the pre-voting and post-voting phases. similar approaches are not as decentralised as our application, where it is possible to directly cast a vote to the block-chain, without any intermediate level. benefits and drawbacks of each implementation are explained. the bitcoin block-chain consists in a large number of already available nodes in the related peer-to-peer network; moreover, its reliability and resistance to attacks are also well established. with multichain we instead exploit a fine-grained permission system: multichain is a permissioned public ledger. hence, with it we can also satisfy two more properties of end-to-end voting systems: uncoercibility and receipt-freeness and data confidentiality and neutrality. moreover, we can avoid costs and price fluctuations related to bitcoin.