Gravity field error analysis for pendulum formations by a semi-analytical approach

Many geoscience disciplines push for ever higher requirements on accuracy, homogeneity and time- and space-resolution of the earth’s gravity field. apart from better instruments or new observables, alternative satellite formations could improve the signal and error structure compared to grace. one possibility to increase the sensitivity and isotropy by adding cross-track information is a pair of satellites flying in a pendulum formation. this formation contains two satellites which have different ascending nodes and arguments of latitude, but have the same orbital height and inclination. in this study, the semi-analytical approach for efficient pre-mission error assessment is presented, and the transfer coefficients of range, range-rate and range-acceleration gravitational perturbations are derived analytically for the pendulum formation considering a set of opening angles. the new challenge is the time variations of the opening angle and the range, leading to temporally variable transfer coefficients. this is solved by fourier expansion of the sine/cosine of the opening angle and the central angle. the transfer coefficients are further applied to assess the error patterns which are caused by different orbital parameters. the simulation results indicate that a significant improvement in accuracy and isotropy is obtained for small and medium initial opening angles of single polar pendulums, compared to grace. the optimal initial opening angles are $$45^circ $$ and $$15^circ $$ for accuracy and isotropy, respectively. for a bender configuration, which is constituted by a polar grace and an inclined pendulum in this paper, the behaviour of results is dependent on the inclination (prograde vs. retrograde) and on the relative baseline orientation (left or right leading). the simulation for a sun-synchronous orbit shows better results for the left leading case.