A statistical characterization of the Galileo-to-GPS inter-system bias

Global navigation satellite system operates using independent time scales and thus inter-system time offsets have to be determined to enable multi-constellation navigation solutions. gps/galileo inter-system bias and drift are evaluated here using different types of receivers: two mass market and two professional receivers. moreover, three different approaches are considered for the inter-system bias determination: in the first one, the broadcast galileo to gps time offset is used to align gps and galileo time scales. in the second, the inter-system bias is included in the multi-constellation navigation solution and is estimated using the measurements available. finally, an enhanced algorithm using constraints on the inter-system bias time evolution is proposed. the inter-system bias estimates obtained with the different approaches are analysed and their stability is experimentally evaluated using the allan deviation. the impact of the inter-system bias on the position velocity time solution is also considered and the performance of the approaches analysed is evaluated in terms of standard deviation and mean errors for both horizontal and vertical components. from the experiments, it emerges that the inter-system bias is very stable and that the use of constraints, modelling the gps/galileo inter-system bias behaviour, significantly improves the performance of multi-constellation navigation.