Modeling and assessment of triple-frequency BDS precise point positioning

The latest generation of gnss satellites such as gps block-iif, galileo and bds are transmitting signals on three or more frequencies, thus having more choices in practice. at the same time, new challenges arise for integrating the new signals. this paper contributes to the modeling and assessment of triple-frequency ppp with bds data. first, three triple-frequency ppp models are developed. the observation model and stochastic model are designed and extended to accommodate the third frequency. in particular, new biases such as differential code biases and inter-frequency biases as well as the parameterizations are addressed. then, the relationships between different ppp models are discussed. to verify the triple-frequency ppp models, ppp tests with real triple-frequency data were performed in both static and kinematic scenarios. results show that the three triple-frequency ppp models agree well with each other. additional frequency has a marginal effect on the positioning accuracy in static ppp tests. however, the benefits of third frequency are significant in situations of where there is poor tracking and contaminated observations on frequencies b1 and b2 in kinematic ppp tests.