رویکرد تقنینی و الزامات قضایی در مسئله پرداخت مازاد دیه زن توسط بیمه‌گر در پرتوی ماده (10) قانون بیمه اجباری مصوب 1395

هدف: تساوی حقوق زن و مرد از دیرباز مورد توجه حقوقدانان و جوامع حقوق بشری بوده است. گذر از اندیشه تفاوت دیه زن و مرد با رویکرد مقنن در قانون مجازات اسلامی و قانون بیمه اجباری تعدیل شده است. توجه به ماهیت مازاد دیه زن تا سقف دیه مرد و شناخت الزامات قضایی و قانونی در مسئله پرداخت مازاد دیه زن توسط بیمه‌گر، باعث جهت‌گیری و انتظام بخشی رویه قضایی در زمینه صدور رای علیه بیمه‌گر و آگاهی بیمه‌گر از حقوق و تکالیف خود می‌شود.روش‌شناسی: ‌این پژوهش به روش توصیفی–تحلیلی انجام شده و تصمیمات موجود در رویه قضایی نیز به عنوان مستندات مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است.یافته‌ها: مازاد دیه زن تا سقف دیه مرد ماهیتی جبرانی دارد و قلمروی پرداخت بیمه‌گر در ماده 10 قانون بیمه اجباری منحصر به حوادث رانندگی است. بررسی رویه قضایی و الزامات قانونی ضرورت مطالبه خسارت مزبور از بیمه‌گر را می‌رساند و شیوه صدور حکم دادگاه کیفری و حقوقی بسته به نحوه طرح دعوا متفاوت است.نتیجه‌گیری: علی‌رغم وحدت ماهیت خسارت مازاد بر دیه در قانون مجازات اسلامی و قانون بیمه اجباری مصوب 1395، منشاً تعهد بیمه‌گر و صندوق تامین خسارات بدنی به جبران این مبلغ یکسان نیست و قلمروی تعهد بیمه‌گر به پرداخت مازاد دیه در ماده (10) قانون بیمه اجباری خاص و محدود است. شیوه طرح دعوا علیه بیمه‌‌گر و ضمانت‌اجرای ابلاغ جلسات دادرسی و رای محکمه به بیمه‌گر بستگی به نقش وی در دعوا دارد. درج مبلغ مازاد بر دیه در حکم محکمه امکان‌پذیر است و قابلیت اجرای رای نسبت به بیمه‌گر منوط به شیوه طرح دعوا و صدور حکم است.

Legislative Approach and Judicial Requirements in the Issue of Woman’s Diya Overpayment by the Insurer with a View to Article (10) of the Compulsory Insurance Law Approved in 2016

Objective: Equality between man and woman rights has long been considered by jurists and human rights communities. It has been supported from the perspective of human rights and economic and social analysis. The Iranian legal system, following the wellknown opinion of Imami jurists, has not accepted the idea of absolute equality between men and women. Going beyond the idea of the difference between man’s and woman’s Diya with the legislative approach in the Islamic Penal Code and the Compulsory Insurance Law has been adjusted. The criminal and civil judicial authorities have not reached a single procedure in dealing with the issue of compensating the excess of woman’s Diya overpayment. The dispute in the judicial procedure for the insurer’s sentence to compensate the excess of the woman’s Diya requires a correct analysis of the nature of the ransom in the laws. Paying attention to the nature of the woman’s Diya overpayment to the extent of the man’s Diya and recognizing the judicial and legal requirements in the issue of woman’s Diya overpayment by the insurer, will direct and regulate the judicial procedure in issuing verdicts against the insurer in accordance with Article 10 of the Compulsory Insurance Law approved in 2016 and the insurer will be aware of its rights and duties.Methodology: Descriptive – analytical method was used in this research. Some of the judgments issued in this area are used as study documents to address the differences in jurisprudence, and to clearly portray the challenge of jurisprudence. It is possible to present the result by analyzing these opinions and advisory theories.Findings: The surplus of the woman’s Diya up to the man’s Diya has a compensatory nature and the scope of the insurer’s payment in Article 10 of the Compulsory Insurance Law is limited to traffic accidents. The idea of gender equality and economic efficiency of men and women in society and the irregularity of the payment of the fee for criminal proceedings implies the exemption of the request for compensation of the surplus of the woman’s Diya from the civil proceedings in the criminal authorities. Also examination of judicial procedure and legal requirements raises the need to claim such damages from the insurer but simply requesting a surplus of Diya from the insurer without filing an independent lawsuit and paying the court fees in accordance with the financial claims is sufficient for the lawsuit to be considered by the insurer and a ruling issued. The method of issuing a criminal court and legal court order varies depending on how the lawsuit is filed. The conviction of an insurance company to pay excess of the woman’s Diya requires the observance of certain court procedures. Asking the insurer for excess of the woman’s Diya or not requesting it creates an independent obligation for the judge, which needs to be analyzed depending on the method of filing the lawsuit and the claim.Conclusion: Despite the unity of the nature of excess damages on the Diya in the Islamic Penal Code and the Compulsory Insurance Law adopted in 2016, the origin of the insurer and the bodily injury insurance fund to compensate this amount are not the same and the scope of the insurer’s obligation to pay the surplus of the Diya in the Compulsory Insurance Law is specific and limited. The method of filing a lawsuit against the insurer and the guarantee of the notification of the court hearings and the court decision to the insurer depends on his role in the lawsuit. It is possible to include the surplus of the woman’s Diya in the court judgment, and the ability to enforce the verdict against the insurer depends on the method of filing a lawsuit and issuing a sentence. The injured party’s request for payment of the surplus of the woman’s Diya by the insurer before the end of the trial indicates the obligation of the criminal judge to issue a sentence against the insurer, but if the injured party neglects to demand his right directly from the insurer, the court has no obligation to issue a sentence and while writing the sentence of Diya, it only refers to the insurer’s responsibility to pay the surplus based on accident insurance, which is not enforceable directly against the insurer. JEL Classification: K4, K10, K13