Old habits die hard (sometimes)

unified growth theory suggests the fertility decline was crucial for achieving long-term growth, yet the causes behind that decline are still not entirely clear from an empirical point of view. in particular for france, the first country to experience this demographic transition in the european context, the reasons why some areas of the country had lower fertility than others are poorly understood. using département level data for the last quarter of the nineteenth century, this paper exploits the french regional variation to study the correlates of fertility, estimating various fixed-effects models. the findings confirm the importance of some of the forces suggested by standard fertility choice models. education in general, female education in particular, for example, seems to be crucial. results also highlight the relevance of non-economic factors (such as secularisation), for which i provide new measurements. the presence of spatial dependence also suggests that diffusion of fertility played a particular role.