tinnitus in traditional persian medicine: a historical perspective

Background and aim: tinnitus is a common disorder of the auditory system with a rich history dating back to ancient times. this review aims to provide a historical perspective on tinnitus in traditional persian medicine (tpm) by summarizing the views of tpm scholars on its etiology and treatment. methods: a qualitative research (summative content analysis) was conducted, utilizing tpm texts to identify the historical perspectives of tpm scholars on tinnitus. the analysis focused on their understanding of tinnitus, its causes, and recommended treatments. results: in tpm, tinnitus was referred to as tanin and davi. the accumulation of phlegm and internal gases in the head or ears was considered as the main cause of tinnitus, with sudden movement or ripple of these vapors leading to auditory nerve stimulation and resulting in tinnitus. tpm scholars recommended addressing the sources of these vapors, such as gastrointestinal issues, and promoting humeral balance through temperament modification and the use of medicinal herbs for treatment. conclusion: the tpm view on tinnitus was similar to the greco-roman understanding of the disease, with persian scholars expanding on its details. tpm scholars believed in addressing the underlying causes of tinnitus and promoting humeral balance to alleviate symptoms. these historical perspectives provide insight into traditional medical systems and their approaches to the management of health conditions.