SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM AMELIORATES OXIDATIVE STRESS AND FIBROSIS IN ADENINE-INDUCED CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN RATS

Chronic kidney disease (ckd) is a slowly progressive disease. the prevalence and incidence of ckd are increasing, making it a worldwide public health problem causing a high economic burden to poor outcomes countries. the clinical complications of ckd include not only cardiovascular diseases (cvds) but also renal anemia, renal failure and renal osteodystrophy. here, we assessed the effect of treatment with clove extract (ce) on kidney structure and function using a chronic kidney disease experimental model induced by adenine. twenty four rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group; clove extract (ce only) group; ckd (adenine only) group and ckd/clove extract (adenine treated with ce) group. after adenine and/or clove extract were given orally to rats for 4 weeks, kidney specimens and blood were collected for further histopathological examination and biochemical analyses. results showed that adenine treatment caused serious renal pathological damages and increase of blood creatinine, urea nitrogen and phosphorus levels. however, the activities of renal antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (sod) and glutathione peroxidase (gpx) were suppressed and the level of malondialdehyde was increased by administration of adenine. in addition, the expressions antioxidative transcription factor as nrf2, heme-oxygenase1 (ho1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (e-nos) genes were down regulated. meanwhile, the expression of ki67, wnt7a, collagen iv and β-catenin genes were up regulated. however, these changes could be significantly reversed by the treatment with of clove extract (300 mg/kg), indicating clove extract could improve the kidney function of ckd via enhancing antioxidant ability and inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis, clove extract markedly ameliorated renal histopathological markers of inflammation and fibrosis. in conclusion, clove extract exhibits ameliorative effects against adenine-induced ckd in rats by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and modulation of different molecular mechanisms.