بازشناسی مولفه‌های پایگاه اجتماعی و رابطه آن با گرایش به کارتن‌خوابی در شهر تهران

مقدمه: پیش‌فرض موجود در میان جامعه‌شناسان، وجود رابطه بین طبقات اقتصادی و پایگاه اجتماعی پایین و میزان گرایش به کجروی1 اجتماعی بیانگر گرایش به پارادایم تضادگرایی در این شاخه از حوزه جامعه‌شناسی است. اما ازآنجاکه پژوهشگر در مطالعاتی که درباره کارتن‌خوابی داشته، با موارد نقض‌کننده این گزاره مواجه شده بود، این پژوهش را با هدف مطالعه رابطه پایگاه اجتماعی و گرایش به کارتن‌خوابی در میان کارتن‌خواب‌های شهر تهران آغاز نمود.روش: روش پژوهش ترکیبی و از نوع ترکیبیِ متوالی بود. بدین‌صورت که ابتدا بر اساس فرضیه‌های موجود در چارچوب نظری که متاثر از نظریه‌های تضادگرایی در کنار نظریه کنش متقابل‌گرایی مید بود و تاثیر پایگاه اجتماعی پایین در گرایش به انحرافات اجتماعی و در این پژوهش، گرایش به کارتن‌خوابی تدوین شد و پرسشنامه‌ای محقق‌ساخته در میان کارتن‌خواب‌های شهر تهران توزیع شد. در بخش کمی، جامعه آماری 12048 نفر بودند و بر اساس فرمول کوکران، 372 نفر به‌عنوان جامعه موردمطالعه انتخاب شدند که شیوه نمونه‌گیری نیز تصادفی بود. در بخش کیفی پژوهش، نمونه‌گیری هدفمند تا رسیدن به اشباع داده‌ها پیش رفت که پس از مصاحبه با 34 نفر از کارتن‌خواب‌های شهر تهران، پژوهشگر به اشباع داده‌ها دست یافت.یافته‌ها و نتایج: نتایج پژوهش در بخش پیمایشی و کمی نشان داد که رابطه کارتن‌خوابی و پایگاه اجتماعی در سطح اطمینان 95 درصد معنادار نبود. پس‌ازآن، بر مبنای داده‌های گردآوری‌شده، سه پایگاه اجتماعی بالا، متوسط و پایین از یکدیگر تفکیک شدند که رابطه گرایش به کارتن‌خوابی و پایگاه اجتماعی پایین و متوسط در سطح اطمینان 95 درصد معنادار بود. بدین ترتیب، پژوهشگر برای بازشناسی مولفه‌های پایگاه اجتماعی و نقش آن در گرایش به کارتن‌خوابی بر اساس مصاحبه با کارتن‌خواب‌ها نشان داد که در پایگاه اجتماعی پایین، مهاجرت و حاشیه‌نشینی، حضور در موقعیت‌های آسیب‌زا افزایش می‌یابد. در پایگاه اجتماعی بالا نیز تنوع موقعیت‌های فراغتی، امکان حضور در موقعیت‌های پرخطر را افزایش داده و به اعتیاد و کارتن‌خوابی منجر می‌شود. این نتایج نشان داد که فرضیه تضادگرایان در مورد رابطه فقر اقتصادی و گرایش به انحرافات اجتماعی همیشه نمی‌تواند معنادار داشته باشد.

Recognition of the Components of the Social Base and Its Relation with the Tendency to the Homelessness in Tehran

Extended AbstractIntroduction: The existing presumption among sociologists, the existence of the relationship between the low economic classes and the social status, and the degree of tendency to social deviations express the tendency towards the conflictionism paradigm in this branch of Sociology. Since the researcher has encountered violations of this proposition in his studies as regards homelessness, the major aim of the current study was decided to be based on confirmed hypothesis in the previously conducted studies; the relationship between the social status and the tendency to homelessness among homeless people in Tehran. This hypothesis has been confirmed among a large statistical community of homeless people, but observations show that if the components of the social base are identified on the basis of life opportunities, this concept can be redefined. Redefining concepts that affect social transformations can change the results deriving out of the collected data. Therefore, after integrating existing theories, the researcher measured the social base by finding the relationships between and among the various components. Then the relationship between the components and   the homeless people was measured.Method: The research method was a combination method consisting of quantitative and qualitative methods. The sequential combination was based on hypothesis testing in the quantitative section and exploratory response to the research question in the qualitative section. Contrastive theories and the theory of the Mead from the school of symbolic reciprocity were chosen as the theoretical framework of this research and the main hypothesis of the paper was developed based on the deductive approach. In the first step, the hypothesis of the effect of low social base on the tendency towards social deviations was tested in this study. In the quantitative part of the study, the survey method was used and the data were collected by researchermade questionnaire. In this section, the participants  consisted of 12048 people. According to Cochran formula, 372 individuals were sampled and a random sampling method was used to select the cases. In the qualitative part of the research, purposeful sampling was done  being followed by saturation data. The researcher obtained data saturation after interviewing 34 homeless people. The interview method used was semistructured.Findings: The results of the survey in quantitative and quantitative section showed that the relationship between the homeless and the social base was not significant at 95% confidence level. Subsequently, based on the collected data, three social bases of  high, medium, and low social bases were distinguished from one another, with a relationship between the orientation towards the low and moderate social base and homelessness in the 95% confidence level. Thus, the researcher in order to recognize the components of the social base and its role in the orientation to the homelessness, and based on the interview with the subjects, showed that in the lower social base, immigration and marginalization, presence in dangerous situations increased. At the top of the social base, the diversity of leisure opportunities also increases the chance of being in highrisk situations, leading to addiction and homelessness. These results showed that the contradictory hypothesis about the relationship between economic poverty and the tendency to social deviations cannot always be meaningful.Discussion: The results of the questionnaires did not show a linear relationship between the variables of the research. For this reason, independent variables were classified into three groups that showed beginning point, middle point, and ending poiny of the spectrum. Measurement of the relationship between the social status variable and the homelessness showed that the average social base and the low social base were related to the homelessness, and the high social base did not show a meaningful relationship with the dependent variable. The quantitative and qualitative findings of this research were in line wirh each other. In analyzing and explaining the relationship between the class base and homelessness, a variable is included in the analyses that include social support from the family institution and social organizations. The shorter the base of the classroom, the greater his need for social support was likely to be, and the more one has a higher social base, the seemingly less need for social support was seen. But raising awareness in these social strata also requires social support such as insurance, occupation, treatment ,etc. which come from the expectations of these social strata. But because people with a high class base often have a kind of financial and psychological support from their families, they are less likely to experience the social organization support. This variable also showed a meaningful relationship with homelessness among people with a lower class base and greater social support. In the cultures that one is looking for a place to escape from  limitations imposed by family members, and even from financial viewpoint, even if somebody has a permanent job, but it cannot bring, so financial independence, deprivation from material and immaterial matters increases, and one consequence of this would be migration, which makes the closed ethnic culture turn into an interactive or semiopen culture and the fields of imbalance in the internal controls and controls provides outsiders and social exclusion for those who migrate to big cities with a new meaning, a wider concept, and in the mutual relationship with social support can make the social base of individuals in conscious choice and position analysis a central element. Thus, the social base, with three components of the economic class, social deprivation, and social protection showed the interrelationship among these three elements. Accordingly, it can be mentioned that individual’s position may change due to the change in  awareness and   his social experience may be transformed.Ethical ConsiderationsFundingIn the present study, all expenses were borne by the author and he did not have any sponsorsAuthors’ contributionsThe present paper is extracted from Saeed Iran’s dissertation, and Dr. Mansoor Haghighatian and Dr. Asghar Mohammadi respectively have been the role of supervisor and professor advisor.Conflicts of interestThere is no conflict with previous authors’ researchAcknowledgmentsIn the present study, we tried to observe all the written and codified professional charter and the “unwritten principles” of scientific and academic ethics.