طراحی شهری در شهر ایرانی پیش از اسلام

در طرح یک شهر، از فرم و هندسه مطلوب تا چگونگی روابط اجتماعی بروز میابد. این نوشتار با تمرکز بر فرم شهرها شامل پیرامون، شبکه های دسترسی و چینش ساختمان ها، به دنبال آن است که دریابد شهرهای ایران باستان تا چه اندازه پیرو طرح از پیش آماده شده بوده اند؟ و این طرح ها بر چه موضوعاتی تمرکز داشته اند؟. بدین منظور با بکارگیری روشهای مطالعه تطبیقی و تفسیری تاریخی، متون تاریخی و نقشه های موجود در مطالعه ای مقایسه ای تحلیل شده اند. به موازات آن نظریات پژوهشگران معاصر برای درک تطبیق یا عدم تطبیق آن ها با شواهد و نقشه ها بررسی شد. نتیجه آن که، اهمیت تهیه نقشه قبل از احداث شهر در اندیشه ایرانیان باستان، نقش کالبد شهر در نمایش اعتقادات، ظهور هندسه راست گوشه در دوره ی هخامنشیان، عدم تناسب صفت دایره ای برای شهرهای اشکانی، تکرار شبکه شطرنجی در شهرهای ساسانی و دسته بندی کالبد شهرها با توجه به هندسی بودن یا نبودن آن ها در این پژوهش تشریح شده است.

urban planning in pre-islamic iranian cities

in the scope of human social exis tence, cities, akin to architecture necessitate design. this design can be uniquely purposed to cater to basic needs such as determining pathways or maximizing security, or it can go beyond practical considerations and deal with issues such as encompassing cultural aspects, like displaying power. when designing a city, economic and geographical limitations play a significant role. city plans incorporate elements ranging from desirable form and geometry to the manifes tation of social relationships. this s tudy focused on the form of cities including their boundaries, access networks, and arrangement of buildings seeks to unders tand towhat extent were ancient iranian cities compliant with pre-es tablished plans, and what were the focal themes of these plans. to pursue this purpose, his torical texts, and exis ting maps have been analyzed through comparative and interpretive his torical s tudy methods. contemporary researchers' theories regarding their compatibility or lack thereof with evidence and maps have also been examined. the result reveals that urban design held importance in the contemplation of ancient iranians, as sugges ted in his torical texts and inscriptions. characteris tics observable in the remnants of these cities, such as the form of the surroundings, the access network, and the arrangement of buildings, indicate their implementation would have been improbable without adherence to a pre-es tablished plan. therefore, the necessity for urban design in the remaining works is evident, facilitating everyday city life as well as pursuing other objectives such as showcasing power and religious beliefs. in city design, alongside geography, road networks, and political location, the placement of the city's significant and ordinary buildings also held importance.despite some geometrical shapes holding specific meanings in iranian mythology, it is not necessarily factualto attribute a particular shape to a belief or a specific era. considering that many important cities of the parthian era are not circular, and among those that are, very few have perfect geometric circles and mos t exhibit convex or polygonal forms built for defensive ease. in this era, cities were observed with relatively precise geometries in both circular and square or rectangular forms. therefore, the term 'parthian circular city' appears inaccurate.moreover, the exis tence of right-angled geometry in the cities of the achaemenid era creates doubt that the parthians es tablished their cities in opposition to the hippodamian cities of the seleucids.dividing iranian cities into two categories grid (chessboard-like) and radial is not accurate. there exis t cities with right-angled (not grid) access networks or irregular networks. even circular cities do not necessarily have a radial road network. there are also mixed or hybrid cities. hence, the city organization can be divided into two categories: geometric and non-geometric.in conclusion, the s tudy of ancient iranian cities and their designs provide valuable insights into the importance of urban planning and design in the pas t. it highlights the careful considerations given to various factors, including practical needs, cultural expressions, and even defense s trategies. by delving into his torical texts, analyzing maps, and employing rigorous research methods, we can better unders tand the complex relationship between cities.