Sperm Retrieval in Non-azoospermic Patients with Persistent Ejaculation Dysfunction

Infertility is a common disease that affects 15 to 20% of couples at some point in their lives. among infertile couples, male factor accounts for 50% of infertile cases. assisted reproductive techniques are the gold standard approach in case of failure in medical or surgical treatments. moreover, the role of the urologist in these approaches is to provide appropriate sperm on the day of oocyte pick-up. however, sperm retrieval procedure is quite different in azoospermic and non-azoospermic men. although most cases of infertile patients are not azoospermic, their ejaculation disorder prevents obtaining sperm for assisted reproductive techniques. this review article explains common problems of sperm retrieval in non-azoospermic patients with persistent ejaculatory dysfunction and introduces some management strategies. in fact, it is possible to design a classic approach for managing such patients, which definitely reduces the problems faced by clinicians as well.