بررسی ویژگی‌های شعری شاملو و نزار قبانی با تکیه بر نظریۀ زبانشناسی قطب‌های استعاری و مجازی یاکوبسن

آنچه در این مقاله مورد بررسی قرار می‌گیرد نحوة انتخاب و ترکیب بر روی «محور جانشینی» و «محور هم‌نشینی» در شعر دو شاعر معاصر فارسی «شاملو» و شاعر عرب «نزار قبانی» است تا از منظر زبان‌شناسی، شیوه‌ی زیبایی‌آفرینی این دو شاعر بررسی و مقایسه شود. در راستای این هدفْ به تبیین بررسی ادبیات از دیدگاه زبان‌شناسی پرداخته و دفتر «آیدا در آینه» از شعر شاملو و «بلقیس» از شعر نزار قبانی را بررسی کرده‌ایم. نتایج به دست آمده حاکی از آن است که شاملو شعر خود را به گونه‌ای نوشته کرده است که درک هر بیت در گرو اندیشیدن خواننده و دستیابی وی به انتخاب‌های شاعر از روی محور جانشینی است درحالی‌که مخاطب در اشعار قبانی غالباً با ترکیب‌های شاعر بر روی محور همنشینی روبه‌رو است و همین عامل سبب درک آسان اشعار و مفاهیم آن شده است. در نهایت گرایش شاملو به سمت فرایند انتخاب بر روی محور جانشینی، سبب ایجاد فضای خاصی چون ایجاد معانی ضمنی در ابیات، پیچیدگی، ابهام، دوری مدلول و مصداق از یکدیگر و گرایش قبانی به سمت فرایند ترکیب سبب توضیح ابیات، نزدیکی مدلول و مصداق و درک آسان ابیات شده است.

The Study of the Poetic Features of Shamloo and Nazar Qabbani’s Poems, Based on Jakobson`s Linguistic Theory of the Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles

1. Introduction What is examined in this article is the method of selection and composition on the ¶digmatic axis& and &syntagmatic axis& in the poetry of two contemporary Persian poets &Shamloo& and the Arabic poet &Nizar Qabbani& from a linguistic point of view, The method of aesthetics of these two poets should be examined and compared. In this goal, we have explained the study of literature from a linguistic point of view and we have examined the book &Aida Dar Ayene& from Shamloo’s poem and &Belqis& from Nizar Qabbani’s poem. The results show that Shamloo wrote his poem in such a way that the understanding of each verse depends on the reader’s thinking and his achievement of the poet’s choices from paradigmatic axis, while the audience in Qabbani poems is often The poet’s compositions are on the axis of companionship, and this factor has made it easy to understand the poems and their concepts. Finally, Shamloo’s inclination towards the selection process on the paradigmatic axis causes a special atmosphere such as creating implicit meanings in the verses, complexity, ambiguity, meaning and distance from each other, and Qabbani’s inclination towards the combination process causes the explanation of the poems, the proximity of the meaning and the instance and Easy to understand poems.   2. Methodology In this article, first, Jacobsen’s theory about function of linguistic and his definition of the ¶digmatic axis& and &syntagmatic axis of language are described. Then, by explaining the function of these two poles in the poetry of Shamloo and Nizar Qabbani, the difference between the performance of these two processes in the poetry of these poets will be examined and compared. In the following, the industries that operate on the ¶digmatic axis& and &syntagmatic axis will be examined. Speech figures such as &simile&, &metaphor& and &irony&, which create implicit meanings, are on the.The paradigmatic axis. Speech figures of &ambiguity&, ¶dox&, &antonymy&, & Synonyms & and types of ¶lelism& are on the syntagmatic axis and further  explain the meaning of the phrase. An example of the performance of each of these. Speech figures has been analyzed in a book of poems by two contemporary poets, Shamloo and Nizar Qabbani, which are given below for examples of these poems. In fact, the purpose of this article, after achieving the type of metaphoric poles and metonymic poles in the poems of these two contemporary poets in Persian and Arabic, is to analyze the stylistic features of contemporary poetry based on these two metaphorical and virtual poles.   3. Discussion  Based on the analyzes, we find that the use of the ¶digmatic axis& and &syntagmatic axis&  in Shamloo’s poetry tends to the paradigmatic axis with a difference of 6%. Although the percentage achieved is not high, but it can  be significant in examining the poet’s style. The statistics obtained from Qabbani’s poems also show his tendency towards the combination process. Shamloo, by using metaphor, and irony according to choice, shows the ultimate function on the paradigmatic axis in verses, and with these works, it creates implicit meanings in verses, and on the other hand, by using ambiguity and paradox, and antonymy, they have presented the ultimate performance on the syntagmatic axis in parallel with the paradigmatic axis in each clause and explained their meaning. The lack of significant parallelism in  Shamloo poems has caused the relative tendency of these poems to the paradigmatic axis. While the widespread use of the phonological parallelis, along with simile in Qabbani’s poems, has made it easier to understand his verses and tend towards the combinaition process. Uses and functions of the paradigmatic axis and syntagmatic axis have included the complexity of his poetry. Whereas in Qabbani’s poems, the performance of the Sensory sides of similes has caused the proximity of the referent and signified and finally the easy access of the audience to his choices. The ironies used in the verses of these two poets, although they have caused an implicit meaning in the verses, have been selected in such a way that the reader, in dealing with their combination on the paradigmatic axis, reaches the same choice as the poet Has chosen based on the axis. Carefully in the verses under consideration, we find that Shamlou mentions in a poem an almost single subject: &This unity has increased the subject of the vertical connection of the verses with each other. In other words, the poet has selected a single theme from among the themes in Persian poetry on the paradigmatic axis and has combined it on the syntagmatic axis of poetry.   4. Conclusion Based on the analysis of the research, it can be concluded that in each of the studied sections of Shamloo and Qabbani poetry, the two ¶digmatic axis& and &syntagmatic axis&  have acted together. The tendency towards the performance of the selection process on the ¶digmatic axis&in Shamloo poems has caused the distance between the signified and the referent, as well as the increase of the implicit meanings in the text and the difficulty of the meaning of the text. While the tendency to the performance of the combination process on the &syntagmatic axis&in Qabbani poems has caused the approach to the signified and the referent and easy understanding of the meanings of the verses. Performance of Speech figures such as Synonyms, paralelism, simile,  sensory direction of similes and metonymy on the &syntagmatic axis&in Qabbani poems in proportion to contemporary Arabic poetic features such as simplicity of poems and easy understanding of meanings, use of everyday topics, etc. In Shamloo poems, in accordance with the characteristics of contemporary Persian poetry such as its generality, dealing with worldly issues, the use of words and combinations of modern Persian language, the freedom to use all words, the existence of natural literary speech figures, music and natural tone And the language is familiar to people, which indicates the performance of the process of composition in the poems of these two poets. Therefore, the function of the metaphoric poles and metonymic poles in the poems of these two poets has made the verses easier and their direct understanding by the audience. In Shamloo poems including the performance of speech figures such as irony, metaphor and simile with a tendency towards rational parties on the paradigmatic axis in proportion to the characteristics of referring to private issues of life, intense attention to social and political issues, ambiguity, similes and new metaphors, emphasis The use and importance of the symbol, and the creation of new relationships between the sensible and the rational, and in Qabbani’s poems the performance of these speech figures in proportion to the characteristics of contemporary Arabic poetry such as the  variety of rhetorical methods, exaggeration in the use of imagination and style, To take refuge in the symbol in the structure of the ode is to hide the meaning, complexity and ambiguity. These proportions in the poems of these two poets express the performance of the selection process. The function of the metaphorical pole and the selection process in the poems of these two poets has caused secondary meanings in the text and difficult understanding of the verses by the audience. Finally, based on the statistics and frequency of speech figures based on selection and combination processes, we found that the frequency of application of the combination process in Qabbani poems is higher than the selection process, in Shamloo poems, the frequency of the selection process is higher. Therefore, the tendency to use the combination process in the syntagmatic axis in Qabbani poems has made his poetry easier and the tendency to use the selection process in the paradigmatic axis in Shamloo poems has caused the complexity of his poetry.