بررسی تطبیقی دلالت واژگانیِ «سبوی» و «صبوح» در شعر عربی و فارسی

سبو یا سبوی، ظرفی است که از دیرباز برای دوشیدن شیر یا نوشیدن مایعات استفاده می‌شد و در شعر فارسی، بازتاب گسترده‌ای یافتهاست. در زبان عربی، از این واژه صراحتاً اثری نیست، ولی در روند جستجوی از آن، دو احتمال، توجّه پژوهشگر را به خود جلب میکند. یکی بن‌واژه‌های: «سَبَی»، «سَبَاَ» و «سَاَبَ» و مشتقّات آن‌ها که با سبو شباهت حرفی و معنوی دارند و دیگری کلمه «صَبوح» که به نظر می‌رسد، شکل مُعرّب «سبوی» باشد. به گواهی این نوشتار، سبو در شعر فارسی به مرور از آبخوری به ظرف شراب و شراب، تحوّل معنوی یافته‌است. در شعر عربی، احتمالاً دو نوع برداشت از سبو وجود داشته: یکی مَشک یا خیک که از جنس ‌پوست جانوران بوده و بر دوش حمل می‌شده و یادآور اصطلاح «سبوکشی» در شعر فارسی است؛ دیگری سبوی سُفالین است که نمونه بزرگ آن، برای حفظ و حمل مایعات به ویژه شراب و نوع کوچک آن، برای نوشیدن، استفاده می‌شده‌است. به گواهی این نوشتار و مبتنی بر دلایلی، کلمه «صَبوح» به معنی شراب، در اصل، معرّب «سبوی» است، نه هم‌خانواده صبح. از جمله این دلایل، یکی این که در قرآن کریم که تنها اثر تحریف نشده عربی است و نیز در احادیث معتبر، نامی از صبوحی به معنی شراب نیامده‌است. دیگر این که صبحگاه، در فرهنگ عرب، اوقات مناسبی برای غارت و کارزار بوده است، نه باده‌نوشی و خوشباشی. به علاوه، «سبوی» و «صبوح» در شعر فارسی، با گذشت زمان، روی به سوی اتّحاد مفهومی داشته‌اند.

Comparison research of vocabulary implicate of "Sabu" and "Sabuh" in Arabic and Persian poetry

1 Introduction The word "Saboo" has an impressive presence in Persian language and is believed to have entered Arabic poetry and language. The translation of Persian words into Arabic has a familiar process. This comparative study tries to determine the hypothetical instances of the word "Saboo" or "Sabooy" in the Arabic language and especially in Arabic poetry. The importance of this discussion depends on the importance of the word and the recognition of its structure and meaning over time. The controversy is that the difference in the way the spelling of some letters in two languages, ​​results in the difference in the structure of the glossary of its original. Therefore the word "Saboo" may have appeared in other forms in Arabic. This research represents the meaning changes of this word in Persian poetry also.   2 Methods The Research method in the present study is descriptive, analytical, by using library research and studying dictionaries and poem Divans in Arabic and Persian languages. Through this research the roots of "Saboo" and "Sabooh" are explained. This research attempts to answer the following questions: What was the word "Saboo" modified to and divided into, in the Arabic language? Based on which reasons we can claim that the Arabic word "Sabooh" is the translated form of "Saboo"?     3 Discussion Saboo has been a container used for milking and drinking liquids for a long time and it has presented vastly in ancient Persian poetry. The metaphoric concept of Saboo in Persian poetry overcomed other meanings by its appearance in the mystical poetry and it specially means virtual wine. In the study of Arabic poems attributed to the era of Jahili, Umayyad and Abbasid, and the Arabic dictionary two roots attract the researcher attention to Saboo word. One of them is the same roots: " Saba", "Sabaa", and "Saaba" and the names were derived from this verbs, such as alSSaba, alSabiah, alSebaa, alSab baa, alSab and alMesabah, and the verbs such as "Sabaa", "Saba", "Stabaa" and "Saaba", that all have a central semantic, which believed those are derived from the root of Saboo. another root is the words "Sabooh", "Saboohi" and other their derivatives can be called "Sabooy" and "Sabooyi" according to Arabic phonetic. The word "Saab" in Arabic, means wineskins that was carried on the shoulder, and wine was carried with it (Ibn Manzour, 1419: the roor: Saaba & AlAasha, 1431: 78). This type of dish has been adapted to the nomadic life style of the Arabs, and also reminds us  the tradition of carrying the Saboo in Persian poetry. The verb "Saba" has been used to carry wine from place to place (Ibn Manzour, Ibid: root: saba" & AlHozzali, 1385: 148). In the archaeological discoveries, in the southern and southwestern regions of Iran and the Arabian coasts of the Persian Gulf, the bowls known as Ajdari bowl were obtained, and the bottom part of them is rubbed and unstoppable. These bowls possibly has been used for The transfer of wine and liquids. The construction of these containers began from the Parthian period and continued until the Abbasid period (Labbaf Khanyaki and others, 1392: 77). On the other hand, the word "Saboohi", that it means morning wine in the Arabic language, can be considered as Arabic pronunciation of "Sabooy" based on reasons: 1 The process of transformation "Sabooy" to "Sabooh", or "Sabooyi" to "Saboohi" is fitted in the Arabic language pattern in phonetic and structural trait. 2. There is no mention of Sabooh in the Holy Qur’an, which is almost the only Arabic book that has come to us without distortion from ancient times. 3. There are the some meanings of Saboohi, such as drinking water in the morning, giving camel milk in the morning, morning war and robbery, and the morning wine, while the last meaning of Saboo was not more important than others for Arabian people in Saudi Arabia’s desert; therefore it is not natural to emphasize the concept of  wine from other meaning of Saboohi in such an environment. 4 There are verses in Aasha’s and Hafez’s Divans demonstrate that the morning was not a good time for wine drinking (Aasha, 2009: 36 & Hafez, 1999: 190).   4 Conclusion In this research, the lexical group from the root of "Saba" and the word "Sabooh" was identified as the common equivalents of the Saboo in the Arabic language. The derivatives of "saba","sabaa" and "saaba" means wines and synonymous with Saboo, But ’Saboohi’ is due to the pun with the word of the morning, implicated and overlapped with other related meanings of this root. Words implication changes in language, but any change in language is influenced by environmental, cultural and social factors. Saudi Arabia’s dry environment, stable insecurity and the continuous wars between the tribes, which caused the "Yum alSabah" to be the equivalent of the "YumalGharah" has been effective in choosing the type of vocabulary. Now the question is if in, such an environment, a word like Saboohi is related to Sobh and covers a variety of meanings like "camel, milking bowl, drinking glass and war and morning plunder", overcoming which content over the other content is logical and assigned predominant implication of the word to itself? Logically, in such an environment, overcoming wine on other items seems unlikely, except overtime and changing or modifying conditions. If we accept the assumption that Saboohi is derived from the Saboo, then the possibility of wine’s emergence concept becomes greater on other meanings because "Saboo" is an industrial pot that both its poetic semantic and its visual and imaginative competence is less than Sobh among Arab people. Besides, the literary tradition watch vocabulary gradation from the real meaning to figurative meaning and poetry always seeks its diversity into antihabits and defamiliarization. Therefore, Saboohi, derived from "Saboo" as a container of water, milk or wine, gradually and inevitably, found its changing to figurative meaning depended on the meaning of the "wine". While "Sobh" in Arabic was a completely visual word and it does not need to company with "wine" in its figurative process. According to the writer’s assumption couplets from Jahiliyyah’s period that Saboohi or its derivatives were used with wine or morning draughtmeaning have not been immune from distortion and plagiarism. In the Holy Qur’an, which reflects the culture, habits and interests of Jahiliy’s Arabs, both at the level of vocabulary and the level of the paradise promises and hell promises, did not mention Saboohi or its derivatives as wine or morning draught. In Persian poetry, the more we go back in time the language gets more metaphorical, Saboo gets spiritual evolution from signifying the milking and drinking glass into wine drinking, and in poetry and especially in the mystical literature, terms and metaphors such as Sabukeshi, Sabooshekani and Sabooyi del are created. Sabooh in Persian poetry is an imitation of common Sabuh in the Arabic language, and it is common belief is that it was taken from the root of the Sobh, so that it is used more in the sense of the morning time concept that means morning draught, while some poets have been aware that the morning has not been a good time for drinking wine. The conceptual process of this term in the history of Persian poetry is like that its spiritual connection increases gradually with the Saboo, it seems like these two words have a desire for conceptual uniqueness and this, itself, can be a reason for the unity of the two word’s origin in the unconscious of the poets.