مقایسه معانی حرف اضافه «به» در تاریخ بلعمی با حرف جر «باء» در زبان عربی

فارسی زبانان تا چند قرن اخیر توجّه زیادی به نگارش دستور زبان فارسی به‌ویژه در زمینه حروف اضافه و معادل بودن معنای آن با حروف جر زبان عربی نداشتند. به علّت نقش مهمّ این حروف در انتقال معانی مخصوصاً در متون ادبیات کهن فارسی و تفسیری ترجمه‌شده، پژوهشگران با دشواری‌های فراوانی مواجه‌شده‌اند. در زمینه تطبیق معانی حرف اضافه «به» با حرف جرّ «باء»، تحقیق چشمگیری انجام‌نشده‌است. این مقاله به بررسی تطبیقیِ حرف اضافه «به» در تاریخ بلعمی با حرف «باء» جر در زبان عربی می‌پردازد. با شناخت معانی این دو حرف، و نیز، وجوه افتراق، اشتراک و اثرپذیری این دو، استفاده کاربردی با شناخت معانی آن‌ها فراهم می‌شود و تصحیح و ترجمه متون این دو زبان، در حوزه این دو حرف و در مواردی رفع مشکلات دستوری و معنایی یک زبان به کمک قواعد وسیاق زبان دیگر امکان‌پذیر می‌شود. نتایج پژوهش نشان‌می‌دهد که وسعت معنی «به» در مقایسه با «باء» بیشتر و کاربرد معانی متعدّد «به» در تاریخ بلعمی بسیار زیاد بوده که در این پژوهش به طور مبسوط به آن پرداخته‌شده‌است.

Comparison of the meanings of the prepositions "B" in the Tarikhi Bel’ami with the word "BA" in Arabic

1. Introduction Farsi speakers have not paid much attention to Persian grammar publishing for the last few centuries, particularly in the case of prepositions and their equivalent meaning in Jar letters. Researchers have encountered many difficulties, due to the significant role which these prepositions play in conveying meanings, especially in the translated texts of ancient Persian literature.  Considering that Arabic is the language of the Qur’an and the religious language of Muslim Iranians, Many valuable books such as those pertaining to the literature and history are written in Arabic, so Persian speakers must be familiar with this language and its rules for translating literary and religious texts into Persian. One of these critical literary books is the Tarikhi Bel’ami, translated from Arabic into Persian. An important feature of the book is its style of writing, which is very close to the Arabic prose, and too many Arabic vocabulary has been used throughout it. Notwithstanding the translator has tried to translate Arabic into Persian, following the Persian style, he was not successful on that. Because due to numbers of reasons, he created some meanings, which had never been applied in the second (destination) language before. Those reasons are introduced as follows. The role of the grammatical topic, the similarity of the meanings of the Persian prepositions with the Jar letters in Arabic, the influence of the book’s original language (Arabic) on the translated text, and considering the fact that the meanings of each language can affect on the second language through translation. In this book, many Persian prepositions are adapted from Arabic or vice versa. In this paper, the meanings of the Persian prepositions "BE" compared with the Jar letter "BĀ" in the Arabic, as well as comparing their similarities and differences. By doing this research, the equivalence of the "BE" and "BĀ" becomes more accurate through the translation of the bilingual texts, and the substitution of the words associated with those is going to accomplish more accurately. Eventually the possible translation errors are going to be reduced, and the exact meaning of each word extracted from source texts are going to transfer to the destination texts correctly.   2. Methodology This research is fundamental and is done based on the criticism and analysis of data and documentation. The method of data collection is librarybased and then analyzed by the comparative method. For this purpose, firstly, the Persian and Arabic grammatical books about the prepositions "BE" and the Jar letter "BĀ" were studied. Then, the meanings of these two words were extracted using authentic books and references. It is important to note that in the course of this study, the book of Tarikhi Bel’ami was thoroughly examined. The statistical population is the preposition, "BE," in the Tarikhi Bel’ami and the Jar letter, "BĀ." The analysis of the data in this study is based on a comparison of written evidence and documents, and any specific tools for this research have not been used.   3. Discussion The Jar letters are BA, TA, CAF, LAM, WAV, MONZO, MOZ, kHALA, ROBBA, HASHA, MEN, ADA, FI, AN, ALA, HATA, ELA. (Ibn Malik, 1996: 34) These letters are one of the most essential categories of the Arabic language that link the meaning of the verb to the noun. Some have stated that since the ability of some verbs to reach out the object is too low, these letters help the verb to reach out the object. (Ibn Aqil, 2011:3/8)  The primary meaning of the letter "BĀ" in Arabic is "Elsagh." This letter is one of the seventeen letters of Jar that comes up before the noun and makes it "Majror," and has all the properties of the Jar letters as well. (Ibn Hisham, 1999: 2/11) The common meanings of the letter "BĀ" in the Arabic language with the preposition "BE" in the Tarikhi Bel’ami book include: "Elsagh", "Sababiat or Talil", "Mosabehat", "Ghasam", "Zarfiate Makani," Zarfiate Zamani, " Mojavezat (An / Az) "," ["BĀ" synonymous with "Men" and "BE" synonymous with "Az"], "Estela", "Esteanat", "Entahae ghaiat", "Avaz va Badal", "Movafeghat va Motabeghat".  Uncommon meanings of the preposition "BE" with the letter "BĀ" in the Arabic language in the the Tarikhi Bel’ami include: "Tozih", "Seirourat", "Esteghraghe Jens va Bayane Vahdat", "Tavali va Ta’aghob", "Moshabehat", "Rae Mafouli", "Taghsim", "Haal", "Souy va Janeb", "synonym of Darbareye", "Ekhtesas", "Mozadat", "Moghayese va Nesbat", synonyms "Kasree Ezafe"," "synonym of BeRasme, BeOnvane, and BeMasabe", "synonym of BarOhdee, BarZemmee", "Meghdar va Andaze". The noncommon meanings of the letter of "BĀ" in Arabic with the preposition, "BE," include: "Moghabeleh," "Tadieh", "Tafdieh," "Tabeiz", "Bae Takid".   4 Conclusion  There are many different meanings for the Arabic Jar letter, "BĀ", and the Persian preposition, "BĀ". The total number of the meanings of "BE" and "BĀ" is thirtyfive, which thirty of them goes to "BE, and the rest eighteen goes to the "BĀ". These two letters share thirteen meanings; the preposition "BE" alone has seventeen meanings, while the letter of Jar "BĀ" has five of these meanings (Table 1). Therefore, in addition to considering the many commonalities in this field, we can say that the meaning of "BE" is more extensive than "BĀ," and the application of the most meanings of "BE" in the Tarikhi Bel’ami is enormous (Fig. 1). We also state that the Persian language, especially the language of ancient texts, is highly influenced by Arabic rules and has plenty of grammatical commonalities, including; the common meanings in the Jar letter and preposition. In order to obtain these meanings, mastery of the Arabic language and the rules of that are necessary.   Table 1: Number of Differences, common, and Total meaning of the preposition "BE" with Arabic Jar letter "BĀ"