Investigating Toury’S Initial Norms in Literary Translation Before and After the Islamic Revolution: A Case Study of Two Persian Translations of the Catcher in the Rye

Munday asserts that there exist particular norms belonging to each specific time. in other words, each era is of distinguishing norms; sometimes, transgressing these norms results in unsatisfactory outcomes. on this account, translators ought to apply appropriate norms in each era in the act of translation. the present study aimed to investigate the application of toury’s initial norms in two different translations of the catcher in the rye before and after the islamic revolution. firstly, the study investigated the orientation of adequacy and acceptability in both prerevolutionary and post-revolutionary translations. then, it questioned the appropriateness of the applied norms in these two translations to each era. accordingly, the results revealed that in the preislamic revolution translation, acceptability greatly predominated over adequacy; quite the contrary, in the post-islamic revolution rendering, adequacy chiefly prevailed over acceptability.