an analysis of lexical and syntactic errors in the urdu translation of the punjab textbook board’s english literature

English, a second language in pakistan, is challenging for many intermediate learners who rely on guidebooks for urdu translations of english literature. this study examines lexical and syntactic errors in these translations, focusing on the dogar publisher’s guidebook for intermediate part 1. using baker’s (1992) translation strategies, the analysis revealed significant errors at both lexical and syntactic levels. lexically, discrepancies were observed, with some english words remaining untranslated or being inaccurately translated. syntactically, errors were identified in sentence construction, leading to a lack of conveying the intended meaning. additionally, certain parts of the sentences were left untranslated. to improve translated materials, publishers should prioritize precise translation, address lexical and syntactic challenges, and employ qualified translators to prevent errors that may impede exam success and hinder english proficiency. addressing these issues is essential for improving exam performance and language skills for guidebook users.