ایران و روسیه: از امکان تا امتناع روابط راهبردی

توسعه و درپیش‌گرفتن روابط راهبردی‌ در عرصۀ سیاست‌خارجی از مهم‌ترین رویکرد‌های کنشگرایانۀ دولت‌ها برای تامین منافع ملی آنان در سطح‌های منطقه‌ای و فرامنطقه‌ای است و روابط کشور‌ها را دست‌خوش تغییر می‌کند. روابط ایران و روسیه در چهار دهۀ گذشته، با تغییرهای فراوانی همراه بوده است. با وجود همکاری‌های قابل توجه در حوزه‌های ژئوپلیتیک، از جمله بحران سوریه، مسئلۀ هسته‌ای ایران و بحران اوکراین این روابط به سطح راهبردی نرسیده است. در این نوشتار با بهره‌گرفتن از روش کیفی و تحلیل داده‌های موجود، فرصت‌ها و چالش‌های موجود در جهت توسعۀ روابط راهبردی را بررسی می‌کنیم و نشان می‌دهیم عامل‌های ساختاری ناپایدار و موانع سیاسی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی مانع تحقق این هدف شده‌اند. در این نوشتار تلاش می‌کنیم به این پرسش پاسخ دهیم که چه امکان‌ها و موانعی در روابط ایران و روسیه به‌منظور ایجاد روابط راهبردی‌ وجود دارد؟ همچنین با روشی کیفی و مبتنی بر تحلیل و تفسیر داده‌های موجود این فرض را مطرح می‌کنیم که با وجود درهم‌تنیدگی روابط ایران و روسیه در بسیاری از حوزه‌ها و همکاری‌های گسترده در موضوع‌های منطقه‌ای و فرامنطقه‌ای، چالش‌های ساختاری، سیاسی و اقتصادی، از جمله رقابت در حوزۀ انرژی، تحریم‌های اقتصادی و بی‌اعتمادی، مانع دستیابی به روابط راهبردی میان دو کشور شده است.

iran and russia: from potential to obstruction in strategic relations

introduction: the international relations between iran and russia, as two pivotal players in the global political and economic arenas, have long attracted the attention of researchers and policymakers. both countries, with their strategic geopolitical locations, have a significant impact on regional and global developments. throughout history, relations between iran-russia have been characterized by fluctuations shaped by a range of factors, including changes in domestic and foreign policies, regional and global crises and economic and security developments. bilateral relations have entered a new and dynamic stage in recent decades, especially after the collapse of the soviet union and the resulting structural changes in the international system. on the one hand, shared interests in areas such as energy, security and trade have led both countries to seek deeper bilateral and multilateral cooperation. on the other hand, persistent challenges, including international pressures, economic sanctions and political differences, continue to pose significant obstacles to advancing a full-fledged strategic partnership.research question: this study aims to address the question of what opportunities and obstacles exist in iran-russia relations for establishing a strategic partnership?research hypothesis: despite the inter-connectedness of iran-russia relations in various fields and their extensive cooperation on regional and trans-regional issues, structural, political and economic challenges—including competition in the energy sector, economic sanctions and mutual distrust—have prevented the two countries from achieving a full-fledged strategic partnership.methodology and theoretical framework: this research uses a qualitative and descriptive approach to analyze the content of selected data along with topic analysis. the theoretical framework of this article is based on the construction of strategic relationships in international relations. the goal of these relations is to bring countries closer together on a global stage, enabling them to pursue and achieve their national interests through proximity.results and discussion: during the islamic republic of iran, it sought to establish strategic relations with selected governments within the framework of the international system and prioritized a structured approach to these partnerships. russia stands out as a key country in this effort. several factors, including historical, political and normative commonalities, provide the foundation for strengthening strategic relations. however, despite some progress, significant challenges remain that prevent the full realization of a sustainable strategic partnership. iran-russia relations have evolved over the past four decades, shifting from short-term tactical interactions to more comprehensive cooperation in regional and international geopolitical arenas.