نقش سنت افغانی در ناکامی ‌نوگرایی چپ‌گرایانه در افغانستان (1978 تا 1992)

‌نوگرایی چپ‌گرایانه در دورۀ‌ زمامداری حزب دموکراتیک خلق (1978 تا 1992) در افغانستان تجربه شد. این نوع ‌نوگرایی، موفقیت‌هایی در نوسازی افغانستان داشت اما نتوانست به ‌هدف‌های اصلی‌اش دست یابد. اصلاحات ارضی، سوادآموزی، مشارکت سیاسی و اجتماعی زنان، سه برنامۀ اصلی ‌نوگرایی چپ‌گرایانه در افغانستان بود که هر سه با ناکامی ‌روبه‌رو ‌شد. ‌عامل‌های مختلفی در ناکامی ‌نوگرایی چپ‌گرایانه نقش داشته‌اند. سنت افغانی از ‌عامل‌های مهم در ناکامی ‌نوگرایی چپ‌گرایانه بوده است. در این نوشتار به‌دنبال پاسخ این پرسش هستیم که در شکست ‌نوگرایی چپ‌گرایانه در افغانستان، سنت افغانی چگونه نقش‌ داشت؟ در پاسخ این فرضیه‌ مطرح می‌شود که تضاد ریشه‌ای شاخص‌های سنت افغانی با اندیشه‌ها و ‌نوگرایی چپ‌گرایانه سبب شکست آن‌ شد. روش این نوشتار، کیفی تاریخی و داده‌ها و اطلاعات مورد نیاز، به شیوۀ اسنادی و کتابخانه‌ای گرد‌آوری‌ شده است. رویارویی سنت و نوشدگی(مدرنیته)، چارچوب نظری نوشتار را تشکیل می‌دهد. یافته‌های این نوشتار نشان می‌دهد که سنت‌زدایی ایدئولوژیک ‌نوگرایی چپ‌گرایانه، تحریک سنت را در پی داشت و نزاع میان سنت و نوشدگی را در افغانستان تشدید کرد. با آغاز ‌نوگرایی چپ، هویت سنت افغانی با خطر روبه‌رو شد. سنت برای دفاع از هویت خود، ناگزیر به رویارویی ‌شد و از همۀ ظرفیت‌های خود استفاده کرد. سنت افغانی در شکست ‌نوگرایی چپ‌گرایانه در افغانستان، تاثیر‌های مختلف داشت. سنت افغانی از یک‌سو موجب اتحاد نیروهای ضد‌نوگرایی چپ شد. از سوی دیگر پیروان سنت را بسیج کرد و مبارزۀ‌‌ آنان را مشروعیت بخشید. سرانجام سنت افغانی توانست راه ‌نوگرایی چپ ‌را مسدود کند و به پیروزی دست یابد.

the role of afghan tradition in the failure of leftist modernism in afghanistan (1978-1992)

introduction: leftist modernism was experienced during the government of the people’s democratic party (1978-1992) in afghanistan. the leftist modernism had special characteristics during the ruling period of the people’s democratic party.this model of modernism was influenced by soviet models and relied on authoritarian policies and was violently implemented in afghanistan. the government of the people’s democratic party, especially the people’s party government, wanted to implement reforms quickly and not gradually. another characteristic of left modernism in afghanistan was its ideological nature. for the people’s democratic party, especially the people’s party government, modernization was not a goal, but a means to dominate and consolidate the party government in economic, social and cultural fields; land reforms, literacy and women’s participation in political and social life were the most important reform programs of the people’s democratic party government. meanwhile, land reform can be considered the most important reform program of the leftist government. this type of modernism had some success in modernizing afghanistan, but it could not achieve its main goals. various factors have contributed to the failure of leftist modernism. afghan tradition has been one of the important factors in the failure of leftist modernism.research question: how did the afghan tradition play a role in the failure of leftist modernism?research hypothesis: the essential contradiction of the indicators of the afghan tradition with the leftist ideas and modernism caused its failure. being islamic, being ethnic, being historical, people’s extreme sensitivity towards the private sphere, centrism, anti-government, and xenophobia can be counted among the important indicators of the afghan tradition. the ideological de-traditionalization of left-wing modernism led to the promotion of tradition and intensified the conflict between tradition and modernity in afghan society. with the onset of left modernism, the identity of the afghan tradition was threatened. to defend its identity, tradition had to confront and was able to play different roles in the failure of this model of modernity.methodology and theoretical framework: in this article, the qualitative research method and the required data and information have been collected in documentary and library form.  the theoretical framework of this research is based on some basic modernization assumptions, such as the fact that development is an internal matter as well as a complex, gradual and evolutionary process, at the same time some of the ideas of late modernization including the possibility of interaction between tradition and modernity, the non-integral nature of development, and the necessity of paying attention to tradition in the development process.results and discussion: the afghan traditions were able to play complex and multiple roles in the failure of the main programs of left modernism, such as land reforms, fight against illiteracy and women’s participation and political and social freedom. in the first step, the afghan tradition, as a unified force, united its guards and followers against leftism and leftist modernism. despite the differences that existed among the leftist opposition forces, they all agreed that the leftist economic, cultural and social reforms, which had a socialist and secular nature, are against islamic and traditional values and resistance to them is a religious and patriotic matter. the afghan tradition was the motive to fight against leftist modernism.islam, as the main indicator and component of the afghan tradition, aroused the feelings and motivations of the followers of this tradition, especially the villagers. they joined islamic political parties (jihadi organizations) to fight against the leftist government and its reform programs. giving legitimacy to the opposing forces of leftist modernism was another role of the afghan tradition.