دولت فروپاشیده و دگرگونی نظام سیاسی افغانستان و پیامدهای آن

از زمان برگزاری نشست بن در سال 2001 پشتیبانان‌ بین‌‌المللی و شریک‌های داخلی افغانستان چشم‌انداز ویژه‌ای برای آن تصور کرده بودند. این چشم‌انداز را در دستیابی به امنیت و توسعۀ پایدار در افغاستان می‌توان خلاصه کرد. اما با گذشت دو دهه، آنچه در این چشم‌انداز تصور شده بود تحقق پیدا نکرد. نظامی که در این نشست زیربنای آن گذاشته شده بود سقوط کرد. در این نوشتار با بهره‌گیری از مفهوم دولت فروپاشیده، دلایل فروپاشی جمهوری اسلامی در افغانستان را در سال 2021 را بررسی می‌کنیم. پرسش نوشتار این است که: چه عامل‌هایی سبب سقوط دولت جمهوری اسلامی در افغانستان شده است؟ چارچوب نظری این نوشتار دولت ورشکسته است. این فرضیه مطرح می‌شود که ورشکستگی دولت ( مردم سالاری محدود، ناکامی در تامین امنیت و ادارۀ اقتصاد کشور) عامل اصلی سقوط حکومت جمهوری در افغانستان شده است. بسیاری از صاحب‌نظران بر این باور هستند که مسائلی مانند تروریسم و مواد مخدر در دولت‌های ورشکسته ریشه دارد. روش این  پژوهش کیفی با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی است و روش گرد‌آوری اطلاعات، اسنادی و کتابخانه‌ای است. بنابر شاخص‌های چارچوب نظری، جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان در دو دهۀ اخیر را می‌توان مصداق بارز دولت ورشکسته در نظر گرفت. یافته‌های نوشتار نشان می‌دهد که ناتوانایی حکومت در تامین امنیت داخلی، حفظ یکپارچگی سرزمینی و محافظت از مرزها، فساد فراگیر در اثر تبعیض قومی، نظام قضایی ناکارامد، فساد مالی نظام‌مند و نداشتن استقلال در سیاست خارجی را می‌توان از عامل‌های اصلی سقوط آن برشمرد.

failed state and transformation of political system in afghanistan and its consequences

introduction: since the bon conference in 2001, special vision was considered for afghanistan by its international supporters and domestic partners. this view can be summed up in achieving security and sustainable development in afghanistan. however, with the passage of two decades, what was imagined in this vision did not come true and the system that was founded in bon collapsed. using the concept of the failed state, this research examines the reasons for the collapse of the islamic republic of afghanistan in 2021.research questions: the main research question is: what factors caused the fall of islamic republic or afghanistan?in order to answer the main research question, the sub-questions have been answered. what role the foreigners played in the collapse of afghan government? what role did the social factors play  in overthrowing the government? what role has the government played in the evolution of the republican system?research hypothesis: the hypothesis of this research is the bankruptcy of government and factors such as “restricted republic, failure to provide security and management of the country’s economy” have caused the fall of government. many experts believe that phenomena such as terrorism and drug trafficking have their roots in bankrupt governments.methodology and theoretical framework: to study of the hypothesis of this research, the method of qualitative analysis of variables has been used and the data was collected through library. the authors of this article have used the theoretical framework of the bankrupt government. the restricted republic was formed by narrowing the circle of participation, destroying the structure and mechanisms of elections and also due to the inefficiency of the institutions of the system which was based on the separation of powers caused the fragility of the government. wide social, religious, and ethnic divisions have made the system out of integrity and made security dependent on foreign powers. the lack of a proper security doctrine and reliance on the foreigner forces caused the government’s inability to provide security. the inability to meet the country’s economic needs with the convergence of the above two factors and the effect of its increasing fragility disrupted one of the main tasks of the government, which is providing welfare and extensive administrative corruption as well as dependence on foreign aid intensified the inefficiency of the government in providing welfare.results and discussion: according to the indicators of the theoretical framework of the islamic republic of afghanistan in the last two decades, it can be considered a clear example of a bankrupt and failed state. people like koolaee, samii esfahani and akbari, believe that the bankruptcy of the government depends on the destruction of the previous political system. the republic system is not created and example of this issue and of course the fall of political system can be attributed to several decades ago, which has not been repaired yet.this also applies to afghanistan and the neighboring countries in the north and south have always been influenced by the fragility of the afghan governments. among the conducted research, sadr believes that the concept of satanic republic in afghanistan is in consistent with the theoretical framework of this research, one of the factors of the fall of the government in afghanistan is related to limited participation in the political system. the government’s failure to provide public welfare in fragile states, and from this point of view, the results of this research, which is based on a bankrupt government, is one of the indicators of inefficiency.