کشمکش دشمنی‌جویانۀ سنت و نوگرایی در افغانستان و برایندی خشونت‌آمیز (1919 – 1929)

تحولاتی که در غرب با عنوان نوگرایی در عرصه‌های مختلف رخ داد، پیامدهایی در دیگر نقاط جهان داشته است. افغانستان نیز ‌به اندازۀ خود از دامنۀ این امواج در دوره‌های مختلف اثر پذیرفت. ریشه‌داربودن سنت‌ها در افغانستان و برون‌زابودن تحولات جدید، رویاروی‌ ارزش‌های نوگرایانه با سنت‌های دیرپا و ریشه‌دار در بستر ناهموار فرهنگی جامعۀ افغانستان را در پی داشت. این نوشتار به‌دنبال پاسخ این پرسش است که دیالکتیک سنت و نوگرایی در اندیشۀ سیاسی افغانستان در جریان سلطنت امان‌الله در سال‌های 1919 تا 1929 چه نتایجی داشته و چه جریان‌‌هایی پیرامون آن شکل گرفته است؟ در پاسخ این فرضیه مطرح می‌شود که اندیشۀ سیاسی نوگرایی در افغانستان بدون ارتباط با سنت، خود را مطرح و اجرایی کرده است و کشمکش فکری در میان طرفداران سنت و نوگرایی انجام نشده است. اصل در میان جریان‌های تاثیر‌گذار بر طرد و حذف بوده است نه گفت‌وگو و کشمکش فکری سازنده و موثر. روش پژوهش در این نوشتار، روش کیفی‌تاریخی است. اطلاعات مورد نیاز به‌صورت کتابخانه‌ای و مطالعۀ اندیشۀ متفکران این دوره گردآوری شده است و با استفاده از روش هرمنوتیک اسکینر یافته‌ها بررسی شده است. یافته‌های این نوشتار نشان می‌دهد که در این دورۀ کشمکش فکری موثر در میان دو جریان‌ روشنفکری و سنت‌گرا صورت نگرفت. نوگرایان اندیشۀ سیاسی خود را بدون گفت‌وگو و کشمکش سازنده با سنت‌گرایان مطرح کردند. ‌نگاه غالب میان این جریان‌ها، نگاهی آشتی‌ناپذیر و دشمنی بود. در نتیجه الگوی بومی شکل نگرفت و جامعۀ افغانستان به‌صورت دوپاره باقی ماند، بخش سنتی و بخش نوگرا.

the antagonistic conflict between tradition and modernity in afghanistan and the violent outcome (1919 – 1929)

introduction: the years 1919 to 1929 in afghanistan witnessed a clash between deep-rooted traditions and the alluring, yet disturbing forces of modernity. the developments that took place in the west under the name of modernity in different areas of the life left significant consequences on other parts of the world and afghanistan was also affected by the scope of these waves in different periods. the deep roots of traditions in afghanistan and the senselessness of new developments have led to the confrontation of modern values ​​with long-standing and deep-rooted traditions in the uneven cultural context of afghan society. the penetration of modernity into afghanistan, which took place through political and cultural elites, commercial and cultural exchange with the west, brought complex and numerous consequences. in a country with a rich cultural background and deep-rooted traditions, this confrontation has been accompanied by challenges and contradictions that have manifested in various political, social, economic and cultural fields.the central values ​​of modernity, such as rationality, individualism, secularism are against the traditional values ​​of the afghan society, traditions based on religion, ethnicity, collectivism and obedience to hierarchical structures. this conflict has led to tensions and resistances against the developments of modernity, especially among the religious and traditional strata of the society.research question: what are the results of the dialectic of tradition and modernity in afghanistan’s political thought and what currents have emerged around it?research hypothesis: the introduction and implementation of modern political thought in afghanistan has not been able to be effectively integrated with existing traditional values and practices. this lack of integration has created a sharp gap between the modernist and traditionalist segments of afghan society and has prevented the development of a coherent and sustainable political model.methodology and theoretical framework: qualitative method and a descriptive-analytical approach are used in this article. the data analysis has been conducted using quentin skinner’s hermeneutic method.results and discussion: the period of amanullah khan’s rule (1929-1919) in afghanistan witnessed a deep confrontation between tradition and modernity. amanullah khan, who was influenced by the modernist ideas of the west, started extensive reforms in various fields. the approval of the constitution, separation of powers, and attention to education, press freedom and women’s rights are among the important achievements of this period. reforms in afghanistan faced serious challenges due to several factors, including neglect of national and religious values, obvious imitation of western models, focus on superficial improvements and acceleration in the implementation of changes.ignoring the deeply rooted national and religious values ​​of the society created a deep gap between the people and the reform programs. many of the proposed changes were seen as a threat to tradition and angered the masses and conservative factions. attempting to modernize only with inspiration from western models, without considering the unique cultural and social context of afghanistan, created a sense of alienation and resistance among the people. this uncritical imitation turned the reforms into external impositions and not internal developments that the people would consider as their own.focusing too much on the appearances of progress, such as modern infrastructure and western institutions, was not enough without bringing about deeper changes at the intellectual and cultural level. this superficial approach cannot communicate with people’s real needs and values ​​and involve them meaningfully.the high speed of implementation of reforms, regardless of traditional values ​​and beliefs, aroused the conservative forces.