دگرگونی جاده ابریشم و تغییرکارکرد فرهنگی آسیای مرکزی در سده‌های جدید

آسیای مرکزی با وجود چالش‌های پرشمار ناشی از همسایگی با جهان کوچروان و مسائل مربوط به تعامل و تقابل دو زیست‌جهان یک‌جانشین و کوچی، در هزارة نخستین اسلامی از کانون‌های بالنده و اثرگذار بر جهان اسلام مرکزی بوده است. چنین جریان پیوسته‌ای (البته با فراز و فرود)، در آغاز سده‌های جدید، جلوه‌های آشکاری از تغییر در نقش‌آفرینی یافت. هم‌زمانی این تغییرها با دگرگونی در سرشت جادۀ ابریشم، پژوهشگران را به دوگانگی نظری در تحلیل نسبت این دو متغیر ‌کشاند، به‌گونه‌ای که گروهی از حامیانِ نظریة «انحطاط» جاده و به‌دنبال آن آسیای مرکزی شدند گروهی دیگر به «تداوم شکوه» آن دو قائل شده‌اند. این پژوهش با ورود به این چالش از دیدگاه جهان اسلام، بر مدار این پرسش شکل می‌گیرد که تغییر سرشت جادۀ ابریشم چه تاثیری بر کارکرد فرهنگی آسیای مرکزی در دنیای اسلام داشته است؟ برای یافتن پاسخ ضمن کاربست روش پژوهش کیفی، با بهره‌گیری از رویکرد تحلیل تاریخی به شیوة گردآوری داده‌ها از اسناد تاریخی و نظریة «تغییر اجتماعی» استیون واگو در جداکردن اجزای تغییر، لایه‌های جهان اسلام را از هم جدا کرده و از دو دیدگاه جهان اسلام مرکزی و پیرامونی، این نسبت را بررسی کردیم. در نتیجه، یافتیم که دگرگونی‌های جادۀ ابریشم به موازات عامل‌های منطقه‌ای و داخلی، موقعیت آسیای مرکزی را در جهان‌ اسلام کانونی، واپس‌گرایانه و انحطاطی کرد. اما همین جایگاه از دیدگاه جهان اسلام پیرامونی (به‌ویژه قلمروی تاتارها و باشقیرها) به‌دلیل شکل متفاوت ارتباطات در مسیرهای جدید اوراسیا، پیشرونده و با تراز مثبت شد.

transformation of the silk road and the change of cultural function of central asia in new centuries

introduction: central asia, despite its proximity to the nomadic world and issues related to the interaction and confrontation between them, in the first islamic millennium, it was one of the most influential centers in the islamic world. what is meant by influential is that, in addition to being attractive enough to call muslim intellectuals and elites, it has also been a pioneer in laying the groundwork for the emergence of indigenous forces. this dynamism is rooted in many factors, including the distinct cultural heritage that this region has been connected to through its geographical location and a network of active roads. entering the new historical era showed stable developements in communication networks and channels of cultural interactions in this land. although the scope of these changes was not only regional, but due to the special geography of central asia and parallel developments in it, all its fields (including political, economic and cultural subjects) underwent extensive changes.research question: the coincidence of the above intertwined changes with the transformation of the silk road networks has led researchers to a theoretical duality in analyzing the direction of their change; in the sense that majority of them with a decadent view and with the hypothesis of decline have raised the issue that the silk road has declined in recent centuries due to the strengthening of the coastal system as a powerful competitor and since the material and spiritual development of central asia depended on the prosperity of this ancient road, with the decline of this highway, this land (which has no direct connection with the coastal system) is on the verge of widespread decline and backwardness. despite the popularity of this view, a minority of recent scholars have challenged the theory of the decline of the silk road and gone out of their way to deny the decline of the region as a result. the important point in the opinions of both groups of researchers is the acceptance of a causal relationship between the condition of the silk road and conditions of the region; that is, assuming the degeneration or continuation of the glory, the status and location of the silk road is the cause. the problem of this article is related to this scientific differnce, but due to the belonginig of central asia’s to the islamic world and its dynamic role in this cultural geography, the scope of research has become more limited and examines the relationship between the silk road and the cultural situation of the region only from the perspective of the islamic world. therefore, the main question is, what effect did the changes of the silk road have on the cultural position of central asia in the islamic world? research hypothesis: for better understanding of research structure we should pay attention to different layers of the islamic world. as we know, this cultural geography consists of a central core and peripheral areas and the cultural status of each is different. another important point is the geographical location of central asia as a link between the center of the muslim world and large parts of the islamic peripheries. considering all these issues, our hypothesis is that with the evolution of the silk road, the cultural evolution between central asia and the central world of islam began to decline and this relationship with islamic peripheries became progressive and with a positive balance .methodology: since this article is a historical and trend study, the method of historical analysis will be used, but at the same time we will have a glimpse of the theory of social change by steven vago to separate the components of changes such as identity, direction, levels, factors and their periods and finally create a better understanding of their overall atmosphere.results and discussion: with the entry to the modern centuries and the developements of road networks, regional socio-political developements changed the previous trend.