مکتب ژئوپلیتیک روسی: معمای پایدار آسیب‌پذیری و گسترش‌ گرایی

در روسیۀ سه سدۀ گذشته، اندیشه‌پردازی برای روند ژئوپلیتیک روسی، به‌ شکل یک ‌نیاز اساسی درآمده و اندیشه‌های گوناگونی را دامن ‌زده ‌است. چالش اصلی این‌ پژوهش دست‌یابی به درک یک دانش ویژۀ روسی، در حوزۀ مسائل راهبردی و جغرافیایی این کشور است. از این‌رو، پرسش این نوشتار آن ‌است که: چگونه می‌توان از یک مکتب ژئوپلیتیک روسی سخن‌گفت و مفهوم‌های بنیادین آن چگونه قابل درک هستند؟ ادعای نگارنده آن ‌است که با‌ وجود پراکندگی اندیشه‌ها می‌توان حلقۀ وصل و نقطۀ مشترک آنها را در مفهوم‌های: نادسترسی دریایی، سرزمینی بودن، آسیب‌پذیری دفاعی، ژئواستراتژی عمق راهبردی، منطقه حائل و گسترش‌گرایی پیاپی بیان کرد. در میان آنها دو مقولۀ: آسیب‌پذیری جغرافیایی و گسترش‌گرایی قلمروی، رهنمود‌های مرکزی پنداشته می‌شوند. برای بررسی این فرضیه از روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی مضمون‌ها و متغیرهای موجود در متن‌های مربوط‌به اندیشه ژئوپلیتیک در روسیه بهره گرفته‌ می شود. دستاورد این مقاله آن ‌است که تکیه بر دو مفهوم اساسی آسیب‌پذیری و گسترش‌گرایی، ریشۀ بسیاری از مشکلات مربوط ‌به توسعه و سیاست خارجی را در روسیۀ امروز نشان می‌دهد.

russian geopolitical school: permanent dilemma of vulnerability and expansionism

introduction: gopolitics, like any other science, has general rules and specific patterns and this issue has provided the feasibility of the school of geopolitics in the field of global thought. in russian scientific circles, due to the country’s role in the balance of international power in the last three centuries, thinking about russian geopolitics has become a vital necessitybut the important issue in this field has been the dispersion of opinions and the instability of propositions over time and finding a common point of view for the formulation of the special russian school in this field.research questions: the main question raised in this research is how to talk about the russian geopolitical school and understand its central concepts?research hypothesis: the author’s hypothesis is that despite the dispersion of ideas, their common link and point of commonality can be expressed in the concepts such as maritime inaccessibility, territorial vulnerabilities, the problem of strategic depth, the buffer zone and expansionism as the russian geopolitical school. among these, two categories of geographical vulnerability and territorial expansion of the central sign are taken into consideration.methodology and theoretical framework: to examine the hypothesis of the article, i have used the method of qualitative and thematic content analysis of texts related to russian geopolitical thought. in this regard, various texts have been written in the last three centuries. although more distant texts are difficult to access, many new texts refer to the main themes of those writings. to review these texts, the author tried to select the most important ones and then by reviewing them, select the most important thinkers in the field of russian geopolitical studies. the main basis for selecting indicators such as the age of scientist, the importance of thought, thematic coherence and the reputation of the school of thought was created. in the meantime, of course, some approaches such as eurasian, atlantic and eastern approaches have been less difficultbut this issue regarding other approaches has not been an easy task due to existing differences of opinion.results and discussion: the main factor that has caused the russian school of geopolitics to remain limited is that geopolitical ideas in this country, unlike other great powers, are very diverse and controversial and this makes it very difficult to understand. the causes of this diversity can be found in important cases such as territorial expansion and the complexity of factors affecting geopolitics, the diversity and expansion of threats and their types, the issue of empire and the crisis of national identity, the instability of borders and the constant intellectual and identity conflict against the west. from the point of view of russian geopolitical thinkers, this country is very vast and has many neighbors and has a common land border with fourteen countries and faces various threats in the western, southern and eastern directions. russia has a territorial connection with the two continents of europe and asia and has a close maritime neighborhood with the american continent. russia has a serious relationship with three global geostrategic regions including euro-atlantic, middle east and east asia, and therefore, from their point of view, this issue is considered very vital. from the point of view of many thinkers of russian geopolitical knowledge, to overcome the problems and threats caused by the lack of maritime access and defense vulnerability, this country should put strategies such as strategic depth, buffer zone and territorial expansion on the agenda and this is a fact that has shaped its practical policy in post-mongol russia from the 15th century to the present day.