ورشکستگی دولت و امنیتی‌ شدن سیاست خارجی افغانستان (2021-2001)

پس ‌از بازگشت دوبارۀ طالبان به قدرت در افغانستان، نقاط ضعف و قوت حکومت پیشین در سال ‌های 2001 تا 2021، بیش از پیش مورد توجه قرارگرفته‌ است. یکی از نکته ‌های قابل توجه در‌مورد سیاست خارجی افغانستان در دورۀ پیشین امنیتی ‌شدن آن است. در این مقاله امنیتی ‌شدن سیاست خارجی افغانستان در دورۀ یادشده، مورد بررسی قرار می‌گیرد و نقش ورشکستگی دولت کابل در این وضعیت سنجیده می‌شود. پرسش اصلی این است که: ورشکستگی دولت چه نقشی در امنیتی ‌شدن سیاست خارجی افغانستان در سالهای 2001 تا 2021 داشته‌است؟ در پاسخ، این فرضیه مطرح می ‌شود که ناامنی، بی ثباتی سیاسی و ناکارآمدی اقتصادی، موجب امنیتی‌ شدنِ سیاست خارجی افغانستان در دورۀ 2001 تا 2021 شده‌است. برای آزمون این فرضیه، از ترکیب مفهوم «شبه دولت » رابرت جکسون و نظریۀ امنیتی ‌شدن مکتب کپنهاگ به ‌عنوان چارچوب نظری، استفاده خواهدشد. روشِ پژوهش در این مقاله، روش کیفی و براساس تحلیل متن‌های موجود در مورد چگونگی سیاست گذاری خارجی افغانستان است. یافته‌ های این پژوهش نشان می ‌دهد که ورشکستگی دولت و به ‌دنبال آن تهدید نظام جمهوری در افغانستان، دولت مردان افغانستان را به پیگیری رویکرد امنیتی در سیاست ‌خارجی این کشور برای حفظ دولت و بقای نظام وا داشت . این رویکرد، حدود بیست سال بر سیاست خارجی افغانستان حاکم بود و کمک های سیاسی، نظامی و مالیِ فراوانی را، از سوی جامعۀ بین‌ المللی به ویژه آمریکا به‌همراه داشت. با این حال، دستاوردهای آن پایدار نبود. نظام جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان سقوط کرد و جای خود را به امارت اسلامی داده است.

state failure and the securitization of afghanistan’s foreign policy (2001-2021)

introduction: after september 11, 2001 and the establishment of the republican system in afghanistan, one of the most obvious features of the state’s foreign policy was its security aspect. therefore, afghanistan signed long-term strategic cooperation documents with us, india and about twenty western countries. the creation of the supreme peace council, the establishment of the kabul process, the agreement with the establishment of the political office of the taliban in doha, the release of five thousand taliban prisoners, the visit of afghan heads of government to regional powers and their participation in regional organizations to create regional consensus are all signs of securitization of afghanistan’s foreign policy. this situation has sometimes led to securitization, sometimes to non-securitization and sometimes cross processes of securitization and de-securitization.considering that the securitization of afghanistan’s foreign policy has led to significant material and diplomatic benefits to kabul during the period under review, the factors of this matter deserve more attention. it seems that one of the things that played a role in this field was the failure of the afghan government during 2001-2021. therefore, the main purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between the failure of the afghan government and the securitization of its foreign policy.research question: the main question in this article is what role did the failure of the government in the years 2001 to 2021 play in the securitization of afghanistan’s foreign policy? the importance of this issue is because, on the one hand, it helps to understand one of the factors of the collapse of the republican system in afghanistan and on the other hand, it depicts the prospects of the current conditions of this country. research hypothesis: the hypothesis of the article is that insecurity, political instability and economic inefficiency have caused securitization of afghanistan’s foreign policy during 2001 to 2021. in this way, the afghan government appeared as a failed state due to its lack of efficiency and legitimacy and this contributed to the securitization of its foreign policy.methodology and theoretical framework: in this article, a qualitative method is applied and an attempt is made to discover the causal relationship between independent (state failure) and dependent (foreign policy securitization) variables. also, to confirm the above hypothesis, robert jackson’s quasi-state concept and the theory of securitization in the copenhagen school are combined and presented as a theoretical framework. according to jackson, a quasi-state is a state that is unable to establish security, enforce human rights and create social privileges and economic comfort. therefore, these states are subject to internal instability and legitimacy crisis.