روابط چین و روسیه در حوزۀ انرژی: از همکاری ناپایدار تا همکاری راهبردی

پس از بحران اوکراین در سال 2014 و ایجاد گرایش شرقی در سیاست روسیه، همکاری با چین افزایش یافت. این موضوع در حوزۀ انرژی از یک همکاری ناپایدار پیش از بحران، به مشارکت راهبردی رسیده است. مسئله این است که ادعای راهبردی‌بودن، چگونه و با چه سازوکارهایی درک‌پذیر خواهد بود و آیا این مشارکت راهبردی ادامه خواهد یافت و چه پیامدهایی در پی دارد؟ در این نوشتار به‌دنبال پاسخ این پرسش هستیم که چگونه مشارکت راهبردی روسیه و چین در حوزۀ انرژی در سال‌های اخیر عملیاتی شده است؟ در پاسخ این فرضیه مطرح می‌شود که پیشرفت همکاری‌های دوجانبه در حوزۀ انرژی و تقویت رویکرد نگاه به شرق در راهبرد انرژی روسیه، رویکرد چین برای تنوع و امنیت انرژی، ایجاد قراردادهای بلندمدت، خطوط انتقال و سرمایه‌گذاری‌‌ها، مشارکت راهبردی دو کشور را عملیاتی کرده است. روش در این نوشتار کیفی و با استفاده از رویکرد تحلیلی - تبیینی است. در این مطالعه از متن‌ها، گزارش‌ها و سندها مربوط به انرژی دو کشور و سازوکارهای عملیاتی‌کردن راهبرد انرژی آن‌ها بهره گرفته و از نظریۀ واقع‌گرایی نوکلاسیک و ارزیابی عوامل در سطح سیستم و هم‌سطح واحد و نیز ژئوپلیتیک انرژی استفاده ‌می‌کنیم. یافته‌های این نوشتار نشان می‌دهد که روسیه و چین به پیشبرد بیشتر گسترش تجارت انرژی ادامه داده، می‌توانند به ابزارهای بیشتری برای ارتقای دستورکار خود در ایجاد تعادل با ایالات ‌متحد و نیز الگوی مطلوب چندقطبی در جهان دسترسی پیدا کنند.

china and russia interactions in the field of energy: from unstable cooperation to strategic partnership

introduction: after the ukraine crisis in 2014, russia’s foreign policy actually experienced an eastward shift, especially in terms of increased cooperation with china. the energy sector played a significant role in this strategic partnership between the two countries. before the crisis, russia’s energy cooperation with china was relatively unstable and limited in scope. however, in the aftermath of the ukraine crisis, the relationship deepened and transformed into a more robust and strategic partnership.research question: the article examines the issue of what is the strategic partnership between russia and china in the field of energy in recent years?research hypothesis: the hypothesis suggests that the progress of bilateral cooperation in the field of energy, along with russia’s focus on looking to the east in its energy strategy and china’s emphasis on energy diversity and security, has led to the implementation of a strategic partnership between the two countries.methodology and theoretical framework: the method of this research is qualitative and with an analytical-explanatory approach. the research uses a qualitative analysis of texts, reports and documents related to russian and chinese energy sectors, using the theory of neo-classical realism to evaluate factors at the system and unit levels, as well as geopolitics. the operationalization of the strategic partnership between russia and china in the field of energy can be understood by examining the mechanisms and measures that have been taken to strengthen their cooperation.results and discussion: some key aspects that have contributed to the operationalization of this partnership in recent years include:-bilateral cooperation: russia and china have engaged in various forms of cooperation in the energy sector, including the signing of long-term contracts for the supply of oil, gas, and other energy resources. these agreements provide a foundation for stable energy trade between the two countries.-energy strategy alignment: russia has been actively shifting its energy strategy towards the east, emphasizing closer ties with china. this strategic shift is based on the recognition of china’s growing energy demand and its potential as a reliable energy partner. by aligning their energy strategies, russia and china have created a framework for mutual benefit and collaboration.-infrastructure development: both countries have invested in the development of energy infrastructure to facilitate the transportation and trade of energy resources. this includes the construction of pipelines, such as the power of siberia gas pipeline, which enables the export of russian natural gas to china. the establishment of transmission lines and infrastructure projects enhances the connectivity between the energy sectors of russia and china.-investment and financing: russia and china have also engaged in significant investment and financing activities in the energy sector. chinese companies have invested in russian energy projects, while russian companies have sought capital and expertise from chinese partners. these investments strengthen the economic ties between the two countries and facilitate the implementation of joint energy projects. the energy sector is also influenced by geopolitical factors. both countries share a common interest in diversifying their energy partnerships and reducing their dependence on the west, particularly the united states. this strategic alignment allows russia and china to pursue their geopolitical objectives while enhancing their energy security. the consequences of this operationalized strategic partnership can be significant. it strengthens the energy trade and cooperation between russia and china, providing them with reliable sources of energy and contributing to their respective energy security.