نقد حقوقی موافقت‌نامۀ تشکیل منطقۀ آزاد تجاری ایران و اتحادیۀ اقتصادی اوراسیایی

در ادبیات حقوقی ما، به تحلیل موافقت نامۀ موقت تشکیل منطقۀ آزاد تجاری میان ایران و اتحادیۀ اقتصادی اوراسیایی (سال 1398) و موافقت‌نامۀ دائم (سال 1401)، به‌ویژه از زاویۀ سازگاری‌سنجی آن با اصول حقوقی حاکم بر تنظیم موافقت‌نامه‌ها پرداخته نشده است؛ بنابراین در این نوشتار به‌منظور رفع نسبی این خلا پژوهشی و به‌واسطۀ اهمیت کاربردی موضوع، به‌دنبال پاسخ این پرسش هستیم که موافقت‌نامه‌های مورد بحث، تا چه اندازه با اصول حقوقی حاکم بر تنظیم موافقت‌نامه‌های منطقه‌ای و بین‌المللی سازگار است؟ در پاسخ این فرضیه مطرح می‌شود که از میان اصول برگزیدۀ نوشتار، برخی اصول به‌طور نسبی رعایت شده‌اند، ولی به برخی اصول به‌طور کامل توجه نشده است. مهم‌ترین دستاورد نوشتار این است که از میان اصول برگزیدۀ نوشتار، به اصل توجه به معیارهای‌های بین‌المللی به‌طور نسبی توجه شده است، ولی اصول سازگاری، انجام تعهد و اصل یکپارچگی موافقت‌نامه، در موارد بسیاری نادیده گرفته شده‌اند. این موضوع ممکن است سبب پیدایش چالش‌های حقوقی بسیار و بروز آثار منفی بر همکاری ایران با اعضا شود. این نوشتار، با روش کیفی در دو بخش ارائه می‌شود: در بخش نخست، مفهوم‌ ها و مبانی موضوع و در بخش دوم، اصول کلی حاکم بر تنظیم موافقت‌نامه‌های منطقه‌ای و بین‌المللی و میزان رعایت آن در موافقت‌نامۀ تشکیل منطقۀ آزاد تجاری مورد نظر، معرفی و نقد شده است. در پایان، راه کارها و توصیه‌های سیاستی کاربردی به گروه‌های بهره‌بردار از این نوشتار پیشنهاد می‌شود.

legal criticism of the agreement to establish a free trade area between iran and the eurasian economic union

introduction: bilateral and multilateral economic contracts have an undeniable role in the field of international trade between countries. they even affect their political relations. the process of globalization to regionalism has also increased the importance of such agreements. therefore, it is very important to get familiar with the provisions and structure of the contract and analyze its content. one of these important agreements is the agreement to establish a free trade zone between iran and the eurasian economic union. after the signing of the temporary agreement to establish a free trade zone between iran and the eurasian economic union in 2018 and after that, with the signing of the permanent agreement in the winter of 2011, less attention was paid to the legal analysis of this practical agreement, especially from the point of view of measuring its compliance with legal principles. the writings of this topic are only news or contain political and economic analysis. therefore, this article seeks to answer the research question in order to partially solve this research gap, considering the practical importance of the issue.  also, so far, a series of standard principles governing the regulation of contracts have not been specifically presented in any persian or even english writings, principles derived from customs and international documents, whether written or unwritten, are observed.this research is presented in two parts: the first part deals with the concepts and basics of the subject and the second part reviews the general principles governing the regulation of regional and international agreements and their compliance in the agreement to establish a free trade zone. at the end, practical policy solutions and recommendations are suggested to the benefit groups of this article.research question: to what extent are the discussed temporary and permanent agreements compatible with the legal principles governing the regional and international agreements? and what are the consequences of not paying attention to the standard principles for iran?research hypothesis: the hypothesis of this article is that the drafters of the agreement have partially respected some principles and did not fully respect some other principles, therefore, it may bring several legal challenges and negatively affect iran’s cooperation with the members of the union.methodology: in this way, while explaining and defining concepts such as free trade agreement and its difference with preferential trade agreement and brief introduction of the discussed agreement, in this article, the standard principles governing the drafting of the agreement and the analysis of the compliance of the agreement with the standard principles have been discussed.results and discussion: the signing of the agreement to create a free zone between iran and the eurasian economic union has many legal and economic benefits for our country; for example, it can be used as a practical exercise for accepting free trade agreements, creating stability and transparency in trade laws in the fields of export and import and customs, etc. future accession to the world trade organization and the development of economic relations with neighboring countries. however, in order to be able to benefit from the practical benefits and the intended goals of such an agreement, legal points should be considered along with the political and economic aspects of the issue.