پویایی درون‌نهادی و تاثیر آن بر دیپلماسی راه دوم میان ایالات ‌متحد آمریکا و روسیه

روابط ایالات ‌متحد آمریکا و فدراسیون روسیه در دوران جنگ سرد و پس‌ از آن همواره از دشمنی آشکار تا رقابت در نوسان بوده است. چه در دوران جنگ سرد و چه در دورۀ پس از آن، فرایندهای دیپلماسی راه دوم به‌عنوان سازوکاری سازمان‌یافته و نهادینه‌، مکمل دیپلماسی رسمی دو کشور بوده است. در این نوشتار به‌دنبال پاسخ این پرسش هستیم که عوامل نهادی داخلی چگونه به پیگیری دیپلماسی راه دوم در تحقق منافع آمریکا و روسیه در دوران جنگ سرد و پس‌ از آن منجر شده است؟ در پاسخ این فرضیه مطرح می‌شود که در سازگاری با مسیر تاریخی طی‌شده در دوران جنگ سرد، لزوم تامین منافع راهبردی و پایدار هر کشور، استفاده از نهادهایی با ارتباطات گسترده با دولت و روابط شکل‌گرفته در فرایندهای غیررسمی، موجب تداوم این مسیر از دیپلماسی در روابط آمریکا و روسیه شده است. برای آزمون این فرضیه از نظریۀ نهادگرایی تاریخی و به‌طور مشخص عنصر «هم‌پایانی» بهره گرفته‌ایم. در این زمینه، برای بررسی عوامل یکسانی که برایند مشابهی را در دو دورۀ متفاوت ایجاد کرده است؛ از روش تاریخی تطبیقی بر مبنای مقایسۀ دو دورۀ زمانی جنگ سرد و دوران پس ‌از آن استفاده‌ کرده‌ایم. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‎دهد که تداوم الگوی نهادی در هر دو دوره، مشترک است، ولی تغییر در سطح منافع و ورود نهادهایی با فاصلۀ زیاد از مراکز قدرت، موجب کاهش تاثیرگذاری این فرایندها بر جریان‌های رسمی در دورۀ متاخر شده است. هرچند که کمیت مسیرها و نهادهای دخالت‌ کننده افزایش آشکاری داشته است.

intra-institutional dynamics and its impact on us-russian track-two diplomacy

introduction: us relations with the soviet union during the cold war and with the russian federation thereafter have fluctuated from open hostility to competition.  however, during and after the cold war, track-two diplomacy, as an organized and institutionalized mechanism, have complemented the official diplomacy between the two countries. during the cold war, the high level of mistrust and hostility between the two superpowers, which sometimes led to the blockage of official relations, forced both sides to use track-two diplomacy. but despite ending of systemic competition and changing in the u.s. - russian relations during the post-collapse era, track-two diplomacy continued with the characteristics of the previous era.research question: considering what has been said, the question is how did intra-organizational dynamics lead to the pursuit of track-two diplomacy in realizing us and russian interests during and after the cold war?research hypothesis: the hypothesis of the research is that according to the historical path taken during the cold war, the need to provide the strategic and sustainable interests of each country, the use of institutions with close ties with the government and interactions formed among the participants in informal processes, have caused the continuation of track-two diplomacy in u.s. - russian relations in post-collapse era.methodology and theoretical framework: to test the above hypothesis, the theory of “historical institutionalism” has been used. the emphasis of this paper is on the equation which is one of the main elements of the theory of historical institutionalism. in this direction and examining the same factors that had the same result in two different periods, the historical-comparative method is based on the comparison of the two periods of the cold war and after the cold war. the method of collecting information in this research is qualitative and based on documentary method.results and discussion: studying the process of track-two diplomacy between the united states and the soviet union and its future developments in the post collapse period indicates the necessity of using informal relations to realize foreign policy goals and strategic interests that could not be pursued through official channels. due to a wall of mistrust between the two countries, washington and moscow have faced numerous challenges to reach any kind of agreement. the existence of a growing gap and mistrust at official levels has made it necessary to use government institutions or institutions trusted by governments to implement controlled informal diplomacy in such a way that even the use of track-two diplomacy, the experienced people of the two countries resumed the processes with institutionalization in the post-soviet era.all considered cases were examined in the field of equation, pursuit of benefits resulting from sustainable requirements, dimensions of coalition building interactions and the level of communication between the institutions involved with the center of power.  during the cold war era, there were several strategic interests: improving domestic capabilities, ensuring global strategic stability, and the need for direct communication with the opposing country’s society. the adopted strategy was to use institutions or formal institutions with close ties to the government, which led to coalition-building interactions. in the post-collapse period, coalition-building interactions continued but the strategic interests were reduced to geopolitical - regional levels and maintaining the relative level of relations.