نظریۀ زمینه‌ای مانع‌های گذار به فرهنگ سیاسی مردم‌سالار و مشارکتی در افغانستان

این پژوهش با هدف شناخت مانع‌ های گذار فرهنگ سیاسی افغانستان به فرهنگ سیاسی مردم‌سالار و مشارکتی انجام شده است. سال‌هاست افغانستان درگیر دوقطبیِ دولت‌های انحصارگر قومی و رانتی و البته امارت طالبان با کانون پشتون‌گرایی است و نه تنها پیشرفتی در مسیر مردم‌سالارسازی نداشته است بلکه آشکارا این عقب‌ماندگی با توجه به وضعیت مشارکت سیاسی، حضور نخبگان سیاسی و نقش زنان در جامعه دیده می‌شود. این مقاله در پی پاسخ به این پرسش است که مهمترین مانع ‌های گذار فرهنگ سیاسی افغانستان به فرهنگ سیاسی مردم‌سالار و مشارکتی چیست؟ فرضیۀ نویسندگان این است که مهمترین مانع ‌ها را باید در ضعف‌ های ساختاری و فساد اداری گسترده در نظام سیاسی افغانستان جستجو کرد.در این پژوهش که با روش تحلیل زمینه‌مند اشتراس و کوربین انجام شده است، پس از مصاحبۀ نیمه‌ساختاریافته با 35 نفر از مردم افغانستان با تنوع قومی، مذهبی و جنسیتی که با نمونه‌گیری تعمدی یا قضاوتی شناسایی شدند، به 120 مفهوم و 35 مقولۀ اصلی و فرعی رسید که سرانجام به شکل‌گیری هستۀ محوری «مانع‌های گذار به فرهنگ سیاسی مردم‌سالار و مشارکتی در افغانستان» منجر شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که به‌دلیل ضعف نهادهای سیاسی مانند احزاب و مجلس‌ و ناکارامدی دولت قومی که درگیر فساد است و اقدام به‌حاشیه‌راندن زنان و حذف نخبگان سیاسی کرده است، مردم در شرایط نداشتن مشارکت سیاسی، از دولت‌ها نیز به‌دلیل فساد ساختاری و اداری ناامید شده‌اند. پیامد این چرخه که سال‌هاست در افغانستان وجود دارد، سبب شده است مردم‌سالاری به‌دلیل مدیریت نادرست در این کشور و حاکمیت مطلق منافع قومی و همچنین رشدنکردن نگرش سیاسی مردم، همچنان دور به‌نظر برسد.

basic theory of obstacles to democratic and participatory political culture in afghanistan

introduction: the transition to democracy or even the beginning of the democratization process is affected by various factors that researchers have pointed out based on their theoretical tendencies: modernization, economic situation, external pressure, integration of trust networks in public policy, trust in the government. institutions have been introduced as effective factors in the transition. political culture, which is generally based on the link between politics, culture, and especially the influence of culture, beliefs and values in the cultural structure of political societies, is included in this matter. the participation of citizens in political issues and government affairs is very important in the establishment of the system and it requires the active participation of people in their destiny and their society with rational judgment for intervention and be effective in making decisions to achieve national goals and at the same time in determining public policies and how to govern the country. in the last hundred years, afghanistan has gone through many periods to achieve the rule of law, the right to vote, the enjoyment of civil rights and liberties and the limitation of the powers of rulers and politicians to enact laws and constitutions.research question: this research seeks to answer the question that according to the political and cultural conditions of afghanistan, what factors have hindered the transition to a democratic and participatory political culture?research hypothesis: due to the structural weaknesses and widespread administrative corruption of afghanistan’s previous political system, democracy has had less opportunity to grow and spread in this country.methodology: in this research, due to the researcher’s inability to travel to afghanistan after the taliban took control of this country, it was not possible to identify a statistically significant population for the survey. therefore, interviews were conducted with selected individuals by asking a series of questions. the interview consisted of 17 questions and a personal information table. factors that were important for the interviews included indicators such as gender, religion, ethnicity, literacy level and residence in afghanistan. therefore, people were identified who were either living in afghanistan or recently immigrated from afghanistan or came to iran for a trip. after providing necessary infrastructure for conducting the interviews and identifying the selected individuals, the data for this study were collected through semi-structured interviews, the sample size of this study.in this study, through open coding, more than 120 concepts were extracted from meaningful sentences. these concepts were combined in 22 subcategories and 13 main categories and a final core category, obstacles to participatory and democratic political culture in afghanistan, was extracted from all the main categories.results and discussion: in this research, the central and fundamental issue that always emerges from the data and to which all other main issues are related is obstacles to a participatory and democratic political culture in afghanistan . the central phenomenon of this study explains what obstacles prevent the establishment of a democratic and participatory political culture in afghanistan. additionally, because the central phenomenon is constructed from key concepts such as inefficiency of the national government in the context of historical developments , weakness of national and local political institutions , marginalization and elimination of women and political elites in society , political passivity and disillusionment of people in the shadow of a rent-seeking and independent government , and lack of political outlook growth and structural and administrative corruption as barriers to democracy , it is called obstacles to a participatory and democratic political culture in afghanistan.