سیاست‌‌های روسیۀ تزاری در حوزۀ زنان و خانواده در آسیای مرکزی

آسیای ‌مرکزی در قرن19 زیر سیطرۀ روسیۀ  تزاری درآمد. در نیم قرن غلبۀ روسیه‌ پیشاشوروی بر این سرزمین، سیاست روسی ‌سازی به منظور سازگاری متصرفات جدید با امپراتوری، در حوزه ‌های گوناگون سیاسی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی اجرا شد. آنچه در جنبه‌ های گوناگون تغییر، به عنوان یک ابهام مطرح می شود، نبود تغییر معنادار زندگی زنان و مناسبات نهاد خانواده در این دوران است. پرسش نویسندگان این است که: چرا با وجود تغییرهای گسترده در این دوره، زندگی زنان و مناسبات نهاد خانواده ثبات نسبی داشت؟ فرضیۀ پژوهش این است که امپراتوری تزاری به‌عنوان یک قدرت شرقی، دیرهنگام زیر ‌تاثیر جریان نوگرایی غربی قرار گرفت و به‌دلیل تداوم مولفه‌های فرهنگی جهان سنّت، در جامعۀ خود نیز در حوزۀ زنان متفاوت از اروپا رفتار کرده است. برای یافتن پاسخ، ضمن یافتن شاخص‌ های شکل‌ گرفتن یا شکل‌ نگرفتن تغییر از نظریۀ «تغییر اجتماعی گی روشه»، روش پژوهش کیفی انتخاب شد؛ با استفاد از این روش، با بهره ‌گیری از رویکرد تحلیل تاریخی و با شیوۀ گردآوری داده ها از اسناد تاریخی، پاسخ مساله را در مولّفه ‌های فرهنگی و تمدّنی روسیه جست وجو کردیم. آنچه در نتیجۀ این پژوهش به پاسخ آغازین و فرضیه افزوده شد این است که غلبه‌ گفتمان سنّتی نسبت به زنان و واگرایی دو جریان غربگرا و اسلاوگرا موجب ناهماهنگی شده بود. بنابراین برخلاف دیگر زمینه‌ها در این بخش تغییرهای پایدار و گسترده‌ رخ نداد.

tsarist russia’s policies in the field of women and family in central asia

introduction: certain and accepted patterns prevailed in the political and cultural life system of muslims in the pre-modern era, which generally underwent changes with the arrival of the new era in the 19th century and the active action of the colonists. central asia was part of the extensive islamic lands that experienced such a process. parts of this vast geography were annexed to russia with the dissolution of a part of the political structure and the formation of the general governorate of turkestan and two other political units of the emirate of bukhara and khanate of khiva were also preserved in the form of protectorate powers. in more than half a century of russian presence, they implemented the policy of russification in order to make changes in various political, social, cultural and even political geography fields and finally adapt the region to the empire.research question: the ambiguity that forms in the mind during the study of the historical documents of this period is that, unlike many social and cultural contexts in central asia, family status and women’s lives experienced little change and very little experience of modern change under tsarist russia.the above ambiguity becomes more important when we know that in the general process of the entry of the muslim word into the modern world order and the entry of colonial countries into them, in general, there have been changes in the social and political actions of women and the passivity of women in central asia or the lack of change in their lives is not compatible with the current trend in other islamic lands, including iran and egypt. based on this duality (incidence of changes in most fields and lack of change in women’s lives) , the question of this article is designed in such a way that why the life of women in central asia and family-state relations do not change much during the presence of tsarist russia in the region?research hypothesis: we believe that the lack of change in women’s lives in central asia is because the tsarist empire, as an eastern power, has recently been influenced by the flow of western modernity, as well as the continuation of cultural traditionalism in its society, so in the field of women, it has behaved differently compared to europe.methodology: what seemed necessary in the rest of the article to find the answer to this problem was to provide a definition of the concept of change, that is, what do we mean when we talk about the occurrence of change or its non-occurrence? using the theory of guy rocher ’s social change, we found this indicator that to examine a particular community, when a behavior has clearly changed over time, we can talk about change and this difference has continued and effects on the construction or tasks of the social organization and changing its flow. according to this definition of change, the current article (with a qualitative method and a descriptive-analytical approach and data collection from historical documents) while describing the two currents of conservative and russian radicalism and their attitude towards women, deals with the evolution in this field.results and discussion: our research findings show that unlike many political and social fields, the definition of the world of women in russia shows many similarities and commonalities with the social life of muslim women in central asia, and it can be clearly seen in many surviving works from this period of russian history.