تحلیل روابط انرژی میان ایران، ترکمنستان و ترکیه از دیدگاه منطقه‌گرایی

در دهه‌های گذشته، ایران و ترکمنستان همسایگان قابل اعتمادی بوده‌اند، اما برای گسترش روابط و صادرات گاز به اروپا از راه ترکیه موانع و مشکلاتی داشته‌اند که در پژوهش‌های اخیر از دیدگاه منطقه‌گرایی کمتر بدان پرداخته شده است. این پرسش مطرح است که فرصت‌ها و چالش‌های حمل‌ونقل گاز ترکمنستان از مسیر ایران و ترکیه به اروپا چیست؟ در پاسخ این فرضیه مطرح می‌شود که روابط مثبت ترکیه، ایران و ترکمنستان و موقعیت ژئوپلیتیک ایران، سبب فرصت‌ها و تحریم صنعت انرژی ایران از سوی آمریکا و انحصار روسیه بر خطوط انتقال انرژی سبب چالش‌های انتقال گاز ترکمنستان به اروپا می‌شود. از چارچوب نظریۀ منطقه‌گرایی لوئیس کانتوری و استیون اشپیگل برای بررسی همکاری و رقابت دولت‌ها و ترکیب این الگو با کارکردگرایی برای تحلیل عوامل همگرایی و واگرایی در روابط این کشورها استفاده می‌کنیم. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات منابع کتابخانه‌ای و اینترنتی و روش پژوهش کیفی بر اساس بررسی دلایل کارکردی پیتر مک لافلین است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد سازمان اکو و اتحادیۀ اوراسیایی گام‌های اولیۀ منطقه‌گرایی در منطقۀ اوراسیا است و انتقال گاز یک گام عملی‌شدن منطقه‌گرایی برای سه کشور ترکمنستان ایران و ترکیه است. مرزهای طولانی و ظرفیت‌های اقتصادی ترکمنستان دروازۀ ورود ایران به این کشور است. بهبود رابطۀ ایران و ترکیه و انتقال گاز به اروپا سبب درآمد و رشد اقتصادی و همگرایی این کشورها می‌شود، اما تحریم‌های آمریکا علیه ایران در زمینۀ صادرات گاز مانع‌شده، سود سرشاری نصیب ایران شود.

an analysis of energy relationship among iran, turkmenistan and turkey from the perspective of regional integration

introduction: during recent decades, iran and turkmenistan have become reliable neighbours. but when these two countries want to develop their cooperation in the field of energy and export their gas to europe through turkey, they face different obstacles and challenges in issues such as bilateral relations, the turkish energy market and the european union. the purpose of this research is to examine the situation of iran and turkmenistan in the field of energy and the issue of gas transit to europe through turkey.research question: the main question is, what are the opportunities and challenges of turkmenistan gas transit from iran and turkey to europe?research hypothesis: the hypothesis of this research is based on the positive relations between turkey, iran and turkmenistan and the geopolitical position of iran, the connection with the opportunities and sanctions of the united states on iran’s energy sector, russia’s pressure on turkmenistan for the exclusive purchase of gas, which is the most important challenge for the transit of gas from turkmenistan to europe.methodology (and theoretical framework if there are): in this paper, the qualitative research method for studying the hypothesis is based on peter mclaughlin’s functional explanation. the data collection tool is based on library and internet resources. the theoretical framework of this research is based on the regional system proposed by louis cantori and steven spiegel. by combining this framework with functionalism, it examines the cooperation and competition of governments and analyzes the factors of convergence and divergence in the relations of these countries.results and discussion: the analysis of this research shows that iran and turkmenistan have expanded their economic relations. the opening of the mashhad-sarkhs-tajan railway lines and the bafaq-bandar abbas railway line is considered as an important economic measure for the development of economic and trade relations between iran and turkmenistan. also, the cooperation of the two countries in technical and engineering projects with numerous investments of iranian technicians in this field has also been important.  iran and turkmenistan pursue their economic cooperation within the framework of the joint economic commission. the main export of goods from iran is related to turkmenistan, and since 2013, the volume of trade between the two countries has increased, especially with khorasan razavi province.with 5900 industrial units, 46 mineral resources and approximately 800 mines, khorasan razavi province has a high rank in the production of products such as saffron, pistachios, pomegranates and medicinal plants and mainly exports these products to turkmenistan. the implementation of the border-crossing-permit plan between iran and turkmenistan has also provided the basis for the movement of nationals of both countries in the border areas.turkmenistan’s gas reserves are scattered throughout the country. in addition to the huge gas resources and significant production in this country, the discovery of yultan gas field near iran’s daulatabad field has put turkmenistan in the focus of iran’s attention. the desire of iran and turkmenistan to cooperate made turkmenistan agree to the construction of the country’s first pipeline in july 1995. the kerpcheh-kordkoy pipeline was built in 1997 at a cost of over $200 million to transport gas to northern iran from the kerpcheh gas field. with abundant gas resources, turkmenistan negotiated with iran to export gas from iran to europe via turkey. due to its geopolitical position, turkey has become an energy pole and this has created an opportunity for this country to gain more economic benefits.